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Statistical summability through a lacunary sequence in locally solid Riesz spaces

Abstract

In this paper, we introduce the concepts of lacunary statistical τ-convergence, lacunary statistically τ-bounded and lacunary statistically τ-Cauchy in the framework of locally solid Riesz spaces. We also define a new type of convergence, that is, S (τ)-convergence in this setup and prove some interesting results related to these notions.

MSC:40A35, 40G15, 46A40.

1 Introduction and preliminaries

In 1951 Fast [1] presented the following definition of statistical convergence for sequences of real numbers. We shall denote by the set of all natural numbers. Let KN and K n ={kn:kK}. Then the natural density of K is defined by δ(K)= lim n n 1 | K n | if the limit exists, where the vertical bars indicate the number of elements in the enclosed set. The sequence x=( x k ) is said to be statistically convergent to L if for every ε>0, the set K ε :={kN:| x k L|ε} has natural density zero (cf. Fast [1]), i.e., for each ε>0,

lim n 1 n | { j n : | x j L | ε } | =0.

In this case, we write L=st-limx. Note that every convergent sequence is statistically convergent, but not conversely. For example, suppose that the sequence x=( x n ) is defined as

x=( x n )={ n , if  n  is a square , 0 , otherwise .

It is clear that the sequence x=( x n ) is statistically convergent to 0, but it is not convergent.

In 1985 Fridy [2] presented the notion of a statistically Cauchy sequence and proved that it is equivalent to statistical convergence. Active research on this topic was started after the papers of Fridy. Mursaleen and Edely [3] extended these concepts from single sequences to double sequences by using two dimensional analogue of natural density. In the recent past, Mursaleen and Mohiuddine [4, 5] defined these notions for double sequences in locally solid Riesz spaces as well as in intuitionistic fuzzy normed spaces and proved some interesting results. Subsequently, the statistical convergence for sequences of real numbers in several spaces has been extensively investigated by a number of authors, and there are many interesting results concerning this concept. For more details related to this concept, we refer to [624] and references therein.

Now, we recall some basic definitions and notions related to the concept of locally solid Riesz spaces. Let X be a real vector space and ≤ be a partial order on this space. Then X is said to be an ordered vector space if it satisfies the following properties:

  1. (i)

    if x,yX and yx, then y+zx+z for each zX.

  2. (ii)

    if x,yX and yx, then λyλx for each λ0.

If in addition X is a lattice with respect to the partial order ≤, then X is said to be a Riesz space (or a vector lattice) [25].

For an element x of a Riesz space X, the positive part of x is defined by x + =xθ=sup{x,θ}, the negative part of x by x =(x)θ and the absolute value of x by |x|=x(x), where θ is the zero element of X.

A subset S of a Riesz space X is said to be solid if yS and |x||y| implies xS.

A topological vector space (X,τ) is a vector space X, which has a (linear) topology τ, such that the algebraic operations of addition and scalar multiplication in X are continuous. Continuity of addition means that the function f:X×XX defined by f(x,y)=x+y is continuous on X×X, and continuity of scalar multiplication means that the function f:C×XX defined by f(λ,x)=λx is continuous on C×X.

Every linear topology τ on a vector space X has a base N for the neighborhoods of θ satisfying the following properties:

( C 1 ) Each YN is a balanced set, that is, λxY holds for all xY and every λR with |λ|1.

( C 2 ) Each YN is an absorbing set, that is, for every xX, there exists λ>0 such that λxY.

( C 3 ) For each YN, there exists some EN with E+EY.

A linear topology τ on a Riesz space X is said to be locally solid [26] if τ has a base at zero consisting of solid sets. A locally solid Riesz space (X,τ) is a Riesz space equipped with a locally solid topology τ.

The rest of the paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, first we recall the notion of lacunary sequences and define the concepts of lacunary statistically τ-convergent and lacunary statistically τ-bounded and prove some interesting results. Section 3 is devoted to introduce concept of lacunary statistically τ-Cauchy and to proving that a lacunary statistically τ-convergent sequence is lacunary statistically τ-Cauchy. Also, we define S θ (τ)-convergent and prove that it is equivalent to lacunary statistically τ-convergent for a first countable space.

2 Lacunary statistical τ-convergence

By a lacunary sequence, we mean an increasing integer sequence θ=( k r ) such that k 0 =0 and h r := k r k r 1 as r. Throughout this paper, the intervals determined by θ will be denoted by I r :=( k r 1 , k r ], and the ratio k r / k r 1 will be abbreviated by q r .

Let KN. The number

δ θ (K)= lim r 1 h r | { k I r : k K } |

is said to be the θ-density of K, provided the limit exists.

In 1993 Fridy and Orhan [27] defined the concept of lacunary statistical convergence as follows.

Let θ be a lacunary sequence. Then a sequence x=( x k ) is said to be S θ -convergent to the number L if for every ϵ>0, the set K(ϵ) has θ-density zero, where

K(ϵ):= { k N : | x k L | ϵ } .

In this case, we write S θ -limx=L or x k L( S θ ).

Remarks 2.1 It is well known that every convergent sequence is lacunary statistically convergent, but the converse is not true. For example, let the sequence x=( x k ) be defined by

x k ={ k ; for  k r [ h r ] + 1 k k r , r N , 0 ; otherwise .

Then x is lacunary statistically convergent to 0, but it is not convergent.

We shall assume throughout this paper that the symbol N sol will denote any base at zero consisting of solid sets and satisfying the conditions ( C 1 ), ( C 2 ) and ( C 3 ) in a locally solid topology. For our convenience, here and in what follows, we shall write an LSR-space instead of a locally solid Riesz space.

Definition 2.2 Let (X,τ) be an LSR-space and θ be a lacunary sequence. Then a sequence x=( x j ) in X is said to be lacunary statistically τ-convergent (or S θ (τ)-convergent) to the element ξX if for every τ-neighborhood U of zero, δ θ ( K U )=0, where K U ={jN: x j ξU}, i.e.,

lim r 1 h r | { j I r : x j ξ U } | =0.

In this case, we write S θ (τ)-limx=ξ or x j S θ ( τ ) ξ.

Definition 2.3 Let (X,τ) be an LSR-space and θ be a lacunary sequence. We say that a sequence x=( x j ) in X is lacunary statistically τ-bounded (or S θ (τ)-bounded) if for every τ-neighborhood U of zero there exists some λ>0 such that the set M U ={jN:λ x j U} has θ-density zero (shortly, δ θ ( M U )=0), i.e.,

lim r 1 h r | { j I r : λ x j U } | =0.

Theorem 2.4 Let (X,τ) be a Hausdorff LSR-space and θ be a lacunary sequence. Suppose that x=( x j ) and y=( y k ) are two sequences in X. Then the following hold:

  1. (i)

    If S θ (τ)- lim j x j = ξ 1 and S θ (τ)- lim j x j = ξ 2 , then ξ 1 = ξ 2 .

  2. (ii)

    If S θ (τ)- lim j x j =ξ, then S θ (τ)- lim j α x j =αξ, αR.

  3. (iii)

    If S θ (τ)- lim j x j =ξ and S θ (τ)- lim j y j =η, then S θ (τ)- lim j ( x j + y j )=ξ+η.

Proof (i) Suppose that S θ (τ)- lim j x j = ξ 1 and S θ (τ)- lim j x j = ξ 2 . Let U be any τ-neighborhood of zero. Then there exists Y N sol such that YU. Choose any E N sol such that E+EY. We define the following sets:

K 1 = { j N : x j ξ 1 E } , K 2 = { j N : x j ξ 2 E } .

Since S θ (τ)- lim j x j = ξ 1 and S θ (τ)- lim j x j = ξ 2 , we have δ θ ( K 1 )= δ θ ( K 2 )=1. Thus δ θ ( K 1 K 2 )=1, and in particular K 1 K 2 . Now, let j K 1 K 2 . Then

ξ 1 ξ 2 = ξ 1 x j + x j ξ 2 E+EYU.

Hence, for every τ-neighborhood U of zero, we have ξ 1 ξ 2 U. Since (X,τ) is Hausdorff, the intersection of all τ-neighborhoods U of zero is the singleton set {Θ}. Thus, we get ξ 1 ξ 2 =Θ, i.e. ξ 1 = ξ 2 .

  1. (ii)

    Let U be an arbitrary τ-neighborhood of zero and S θ (τ)- lim j x j =ξ. Then there exists Y N sol such that YU and also

    lim r 1 h r | { j I r : x j ξ Y } | =1.

Since Y is balanced, x j ξY implies α( x j ξ)Y for every αR with |α|1. Hence,

{ j N : x j ξ Y } { j N : α x j α ξ Y } { j N : α x j α ξ U } .

Thus, we obtain

lim r 1 h r | { j I r : α x j α ξ U } | =1,

for each τ-neighborhood U of zero. Now, let |α|>1 and [|α|] be the smallest integer greater than or equal to |α|. There exists E N sol such that [|α|]EY. Since S θ (τ)- lim j x j =ξ, the set

K={jN: x j ξE}

has θ-density zero. Therefore,

|αξα x j |=|α||ξ x j | [ | α | ] |ξ x j | [ | α | ] EYU.

Since the set Y is solid, we have αξα x j Y. This implies that αξα x j U. Thus,

lim r 1 h r | { j I r : α x j α ξ U } | =1,

for each τ-neighborhood U of zero. Hence, S θ (τ)- lim j α x j =αξ.

  1. (iii)

    Let U be an arbitrary τ-neighborhood of zero. Then there exists Y N sol such that YU. Choose E in N sol such that E+EY. Since S θ (τ)- lim j x j =ξ and S θ (τ)- lim j , k y j k =η, we have δ θ ( H 1 )=1= δ θ ( H 2 ), where

    H 1 = { j N : x j ξ E } , H 2 = { j N : y j η E } .

Let H= H 1 H 2 . Hence, we have δ θ (H)=1 and

( x j + y j )(ξ+y)=( x j x)+( y j η)E+EYU.

Therefore,

lim r 1 h r | { j I r : ( x j + y j ) ( ξ + η ) U } | =1.

Since U is arbitrary, we have S θ (τ)- lim j ( x j + y j )=ξ+η. □

Theorem 2.5 Let (X,τ) be an LSR-space and θ be a lacunary sequence. If a sequence x=( x j ) is lacunary statistically τ-convergent, then it is lacunary statistically τ-bounded.

Proof Suppose x=( x j ) is lacunary statistically τ-convergent to the point ξX and let U be an arbitrary τ-neighborhood of zero. Then there exists Y N sol such that YU. Let us choose E N sol such that E+EY. Since S θ (τ)- lim j x j =ξ, the set

K={jN: x j ξE}

has θ-density zero. Since E is absorbing, there exists λ>0 such that λξE. Let α be such that α1 and αλ. Since E is solid and |αξ||λξ|, we have αξE. Since E is balanced, x j ξE implies α( x j ξ)E. Then we have

α x j =α( x j ξ)+αξE+EYU,

for each jNK. Thus,

lim r 1 h r | { j I r : α x j U } | =0.

Hence, ( x j ) is lacunary statistically τ-bounded. □

Theorem 2.6 Let (X,τ) be an LSR-space and θ be a lacunary sequence. If ( x j ), ( y j ) and ( z j ) are three sequences such that

  1. (i)

    x j y j z j , for all jN,

  2. (ii)

    S θ (τ)- lim j x j =ξ= S θ (τ)- lim j z j ,

then S θ (τ)- lim j y j =ξ.

Proof Let U be an arbitrary τ-neighborhood of zero, there exists Y N sol such that YU. Choose E N sol such that E+EY. From the condition (ii), we have δ θ (A)=1= δ θ (B), where

A = { j N : x j ξ E } , B = { j N : z j ξ E } .

Also, we get δ θ (AB)=1, and from (i), we have

x j ξ y j ξ z j ξ

for all jN. This implies that for all jAB, we get

| y j ξ|| x j ξ|+| z j ξ|E+EY.

Since Y is solid, we have y j ξYU. Thus,

lim r 1 h r | { j I r : y j ξ U } | =1,

for each τ-neighborhood U of zero. Hence, S θ (τ)- lim j y j =ξ. □

3 Lacunary statistically τ-Cauchy and S θ (τ)-convergence

In the present section, first we define the concept of lacunary statistically τ-Cauchy in locally solid Riesz spaces as follows.

Definition 3.1 Let (X,τ) be an LSR-space and θ be a lacunary sequence. A sequence x=( x j ) in X is lacunary statistically τ-Cauchy if for every τ-neighborhood U of zero there exists pN such that

lim r 1 h r | { j I r : x j x p U } | =0.

Theorem 3.2 Let (X,τ) be an LSR-space and θ be a lacunary sequence. If a sequence x=( x j ) is lacunary statistically τ-convergent, then it is lacunary statistically τ-Cauchy.

Proof Suppose that S θ (τ)- lim j x j =ξ. Let U be an arbitrary τ-neighborhood of zero, there exists Y N sol such that YU. Choose E N sol such that E+EY. Then

lim r 1 h r | { j I r : x j ξ E } | =0.

Also, we have

x j x p = x j ξ+ξ x p E+EYU,

for all j,pNK, where

K={jN: x j ξE}.

Therefore, the set

{jN: x j x p U}K.

For every τ-neighborhood U of zero, there exists NN such that for all j,pN,

lim r 1 h r {j I r : x j x p U}=0.

Hence, ( x j ) is lacunary statistically τ-Cauchy. □

Now, we define another type of convergence in locally solid Riesz spaces.

Definition 3.3 Let θ be a lacunary sequence. A sequence ( x j ) in an LSR-space (X,τ) is said to be S θ (τ)-convergent to ξX if there exists an index set K={ j n }N, n=1,2, , with δ θ (K)=1 such that lim n x j n =ξ. In this case, we write ξ= S θ (τ)-limx.

Theorem 3.4 Let θ be a lacunary sequence. A sequence x=( x j ) is lacunary statistically τ-convergent to a number ξ if it is S θ (τ)-convergent to ξ in a locally solid Riesz space (X,τ).

Proof Let U be an arbitrary τ-neighborhood of ξ. Since x=( x j ) is S θ (τ)-convergent to ξ, there is an index set K={ j n }N, n=1,2, , with δ θ (K)=1 and j 0 = j 0 (U), such that j j 0 and jK imply x j ξU. Then

K U ={jN: x j ξU}N{ j N + 1 , j N + 2 ,}.

Therefore,

δ θ ( K U )11=0.

Hence, x is lacunary statistically τ-convergent to ξ. □

Note that the converse holds for a first countable space.

Recall that a first countable space is a topological space satisfying the ‘first axiom of countability’. Specifically, a space X is said to be first countable if each point has a countable neighborhood basis (local base). That is, for each point x in X there exists a sequence U 1 , U 2 , of open neighborhoods of x such that for any open neighborhood V of x there exists an integer i with U i contained in V.

Theorem 3.5 Let (X,τ) be a first countable LSR-space and θ be a lacunary sequence. If a sequence x=( x j ) is lacunary statistically τ-convergent to a number ξ, then it is S θ (τ)-convergent to ξ.

Proof Let x be lacunary statistically τ-convergent to a number ξ. Fix a countable local base U 1 U 2 U 3 at ξ. For every iN, put

K i ={jN: x j ξ U i }

and

M i ={jN: x j ξ U i }(i=1,2,3,).

Then δ θ ( K i )=0 and

  1. (1)

    M 1 M 2 M i M i + 1

and

  1. (2)

    δ λ ( M i )=1, i=1,2,3, .

Now, we have to show that for j M i , ( x j n ) is convergent to ξ. Suppose that ( x j n ) is not convergent to ξ. Therefore, x j n ξ U i for infinitely many terms. Let

M r ={jN: x j n ξ U r }(r>i).

Then

  1. (3)

    δ θ ( M r )=0,

and by (1), M i M r . Hence, δ θ ( M i )=0, which contradicts (2). Therefore, ( x j n ) is convergent to ξ. Hence, by Definition 3.3, x is S θ (τ)-convergent to ξ. □

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Mohiuddine, S.A., Alghamdi, M.A. Statistical summability through a lacunary sequence in locally solid Riesz spaces. J Inequal Appl 2012, 225 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1186/1029-242X-2012-225

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