Skip to main content

A generalization for the best proximity point of Geraghty-contractions

Abstract

In this paper, we introduce the notion of Geraghty-contractions and consider the related best proximity point in the context of a metric space. We state an example to illustrate our result.

MSC: 47H10, 54H25, 46J10, 46J15.

1 Introduction and preliminaries

Fixed point theory and best proximity theory are very important tools in nonlinear functional analysis. These related research areas have wide application potential in various branches of mathematics and different disciplines such as economics, engineering. One of the most impressive results in this direction, known as the Banach contraction mapping principle, was given by Banach: Every contraction on a complete metric space has a unique fixed point. This celebrated result has been generalized in several ways in various abstract spaces. In particular, one of the interesting generalizations of the Banach contraction mapping principle was given by Geraghty [1].

Theorem 1 (Geraghty [1])

Let (X,d) be a complete metric space and let T:XX be an operator. Suppose that there exists β:[0,)[0,1) satisfying the condition

β( t n )1implies t n 0.

If T satisfies the following inequality:

d(Tx,Ty)β ( d ( x , y ) ) d(x,y) for any x,yX,
(1.1)

then T has a unique fixed point.

It is clear that some mapping on a complete metric space has no fixed point, that is, d(x,Tx)>0 for all xX. In this case, it is natural to ask the existence and uniqueness of the smallest value of d(x,Tx). This is the main motivation of a best proximity point. This research subject has attracted attention of a number of authors; see, e.g., [119].

First we recall fundamental definitions and basic results in this direction.

Let A and B be nonempty subsets of a metric space (X,d). A mapping T:AB is called a k-contraction if there exists k[0,1) such that d(Tx,Ty)kd(x,y) for any x,yA. Notice that the k-contraction coincides with the Banach contraction mapping principle if one takes A=B, where A is a complete subset of X. A point x is called the best proximity of T if d( x ,T x )=d(A,B), where d(A,B)=inf{d(x,y):xA,yB}.

Let A and B be two nonempty subsets of a metric space (X,d). We denote by A 0 and B 0 the following sets:

A 0 = { x A : d ( x , y ) = d ( A , B )  for some  y B } , B 0 = { y B : d ( x , y ) = d ( A , B )  for some  x A } .
(1.2)

We denote by F the set of all functions β:[0,)[0,1) satisfying the following property:

β( t n )1implies t n 0.
(1.3)

Definition 2 (See [2])

Let A, B be two nonempty subsets of a metric space (X,d). A mapping T:AB is said to be a Geraghty-contraction if there exists βF such that

d(Tx,Ty)β ( d ( x , y ) ) [ d ( x , y ) ] for any x,yA.
(1.4)

Very recently Raj [10, 11] introduced the notion of P-property as follows.

Definition 3 Let (A,B) be a pair of nonempty subsets of a metric space (X,d) with A 0 . Then the pair (A,B) is said to have the P-property if and only if for any x 1 , x 2 A 0 and y 1 , y 2 B 0 ,

d( x 1 , y 1 )=d(A,B)andd( x 2 , y 2 )=d(A,B)d( x 1 , x 2 )=d( y 1 , y 2 ).
(1.5)

Example 4 (See, e.g., [11])

Let A be a nonempty subset of a metric space (X,d). It is evident that the pair (A,A) has the P-property. Let (A,B) be any pair of nonempty, closed, convex subsets of a real Hilbert space H. Then (A,B) has the P-property.

Theorem 5 (See [2])

Let (A,B) be a pair of nonempty closed subsets of a complete metric space (X,d) such that A 0 is nonempty. Let T:AB be a continuous, Geraghty-contraction satisfying T( A 0 ) B 0 . Suppose that the pair (A,B) has the P-property. Then there exists a unique x in A such that d( x ,T x )=d(A,B).

The subject of this paper is to generalize, improve and extend the results of Caballero, Harjani and Sadarangani [2]. For this purpose, we first define the notion of generalized Geraghty-contraction as follows.

Definition 6 Let A, B be two nonempty subsets of a metric space (X,d). A mapping T:AB is said to be a generalized Geraghty-contraction if there exists βF such that

d(Tx,Ty)β ( M ( x , y ) ) [ M ( x , y ) d ( A , B ) ] for any x,yA,
(1.6)

where M(x,y)=max{d(x,y),d(x,Tx),d(y,Ty)}.

Remark 7 Notice that since β:[0,)[0,1), we have

d ( T x , T y ) β ( M ( x , y ) ) [ M ( x , y ) d ( A , B ) ] < M ( x , y ) for any  x , y A  with  x y ,
(1.7)

where M(x,y)=max{d(x,y),d(x,Tx),d(y,Ty)}.

2 Main results

We start this section with our main result.

Theorem 8 Let (X,d) be a complete metric space. Suppose that (A,B) is a pair of nonempty closed subsets of X and A 0 is nonempty. Suppose also that the pair (A,B) has the P-property. If a non-self-mapping T:AB is a generalized Geraghty-contraction satisfying T( A 0 ) B 0 , then there exists a unique best proximity point, that is, there exists x in A such that d( x ,T x )=d(A,B).

Proof Let us fix an element x 0 in A 0 . Since T x 0 T( A 0 ) B 0 , we can find x 1 A 0 such that d( x 1 ,T x 0 )=d(A,B). Further, as T x 1 T( A 0 ) B 0 , there is an element x 2 in A 0 such that d( x 2 ,T x 1 )=d(A,B). Recursively, we obtain a sequence { x n } in A 0 with the following property:

d( x n + 1 ,T x n )=d(A,B)for any nN.
(2.1)

Due to the fact that the pair (A,B) has the P-property, we derive that

d( x n , x n + 1 )=d(T x n 1 ,T x n )for any nN.
(2.2)

From (2.1), we get

d( x n 1 ,T x n 1 )d( x n 1 , x n )+d( x n ,T x n 1 )=d( x n 1 , x n )+d(A,B).

On the other hand, by (2.1) and (2.2) we obtain that

d( x n ,T x n )d( x n ,T x n 1 )+d(T x n 1 ,T x n )=d( x n , x n + 1 )+d(A,B).

Consequently, we have

M ( x n 1 , x n ) = max { d ( x n 1 , x n ) , d ( x n 1 , T x n 1 ) , d ( x n , T x n ) } max { d ( x n 1 , x n ) , d ( x n , x n + 1 ) } + d ( A , B ) .
(2.3)

If there exists n 0 N such that d( x n 0 , x n 0 + 1 )=0, then the proof is completed. In fact, due to (2.2), we have

0=d( x n 0 , x n 0 + 1 )=d(T x n 0 1 ,T x n 0 ),
(2.4)

which yields that T x n 0 1 =T x n 0 . Hence, equation (2.1) implies that

d(A,B)=d( x n 0 ,T x n 0 1 )=d( x n 0 ,T x n 0 ).
(2.5)

For the rest of the proof, we suppose that d( x n , x n + 1 )>0 for any nN. Owing to the fact T is a generalized Geraghty-contraction, we derive that

d ( x n , x n + 1 ) = d ( T x n 1 , T x n ) β ( M ( x n 1 , x n ) ) ( M ( x n 1 , x n ) d ( A , B ) ) < M ( x n 1 , x n ) d ( A , B ) .
(2.6)

Then, by (2.3) and (2.6), we deduce that

d( x n , x n + 1 )<M( x n 1 , x n )d(A,B)max { d ( x n 1 , x n ) , d ( x n , x n + 1 ) } .

Suppose that max{d( x n 1 , x n ),d( x n , x n + 1 )}=d( x n , x n + 1 ). Then we get that

d( x n , x n + 1 )<d( x n , x n + 1 ),

a contradiction. As a result, we conclude that max{d( x n 1 , x n ),d( x n , x n + 1 )}=d( x n 1 , x n ) and hence

M( x n 1 , x n )max { d ( x n 1 , x n ) , d ( x n , x n + 1 ) } +d(A,B)=d( x n 1 , x n )+d(A,B).
(2.7)

By (2.6), we get

d ( x n , x n + 1 ) = d ( T x n 1 , T x n ) β ( M ( x n 1 , x n ) ) d ( x n 1 , x n ) < d ( x n 1 , x n )
(2.8)

for all nN. Consequently, {d( x n , x n + 1 )} is a nonincreasing sequence and bounded below. Thus, there exists L0 such that lim n (d( x n , x n + 1 ))=L. We shall show that L=0. Suppose, on the contrary, L>0. Then, by (2.8), we have

d ( x n + 1 , x n + 2 ) d ( x n , x n + 1 ) β ( M ( x n , x n + 1 ) ) 1

for each n1. In what follows,

lim n β ( M ( x n , x n + 1 ) ) =1.

On the other hand, since βF, we conclude lim n M( x n , x n + 1 )=0, that is,

L= lim n d( x n , x n + 1 )=0.
(2.9)

Since, d( x n ,T x n 1 )=d(A,B) holds for all nN and (A,B) satisfies the P-property, then, for all m,nN, we can write, d( x m , x n )=d(T x m 1 ,T x n 1 ). We also have

d( x l ,T x l )d( x l , x l + 1 )+d( x l + 1 ,T x l )=d( x l , x l + 1 )+d(A,B)

for all lN. It follows that

M ( x m , x n ) = max { d ( x m , x n ) , d ( x m , T x m ) , d ( x n , T x n ) } max { d ( x m , x n ) , d ( x m , x m + 1 ) , d ( x n , x n + 1 ) } + d ( A , B ) .

Taking (2.9) into consideration, we find

lim m , n M( x m , x n ) lim m , n d( x m , x n )+d(A,B).
(2.10)

We shall show that { x n } is a Cauchy sequence. Suppose, on the contrary, that we have

ε= lim sup m , n d( x n , x m )>0.
(2.11)

Due to the triangular inequality, we have

d( x n , x m )d( x n , x n + 1 )+d( x n + 1 , x m + 1 )+d( x m + 1 , x m ).
(2.12)

Regarding (1.6) and (2.12), we have

d ( x n , x m ) d ( x n , x n + 1 ) + d ( T x n , T x m ) + d ( x m + 1 , x m ) d ( x n , x n + 1 ) + β ( M ( x n , x m ) ) ( M ( x n , x m ) d ( A , B ) ) + d ( x m + 1 , x m ) .
(2.13)

Taking (2.10), (2.13) and (2.9) into account, we derive that

lim m , n d ( x n , x m ) lim m , n β ( M ( x n , x m ) ) lim m , n ( M ( x m , x n ) d ( A , B ) ) lim m , n β ( M ( x n , x m ) ) lim m , n d ( x m , x n ) .

Owing to (2.11), we get

1 lim m , n β ( M ( x n , x m ) ) ,

which implies lim m , n β(M( x n , x m ))=1. By the property of β, we have lim m , n M( x n , x m )=0. Consequently, we have lim m , n d( x n , x m )=0, a contradiction. Hence, we conclude that the sequence { x n } is Cauchy. Since A is a closed subset of the complete metric space (X,d) and { x n }A, and we can find x A such that x n x as n. We assert that d( x ,T x )=d(A,B). Suppose, on the contrary, that d( x ,T x )>d(A,B). First, we obtain the following inequalities:

d ( x , T x ) d ( x , T x n ) + d ( T x n , T x ) d ( x , x n + 1 ) + d ( x n + 1 , T x n ) + d ( T x n , T x ) d ( x , x n + 1 ) + d ( A , B ) + d ( T x n , T x ) .

Letting n in the inequalities above, we conclude that

d ( x , T x ) d(A,B) lim n d ( T x n , T x ) .

On the other hand, we obtain

d( x n ,T x n )d( x n , x n + 1 )+d( x n + 1 ,T x n )=d( x n , x n + 1 )+d(A,B).

Taking limit as n in the inequality above, we find

lim n d( x n ,T x n )d(A,B).

So, we deduce that lim n d( x n ,T x n )=d(A,B). As a consequence, we derive

lim n M ( x n , x ) =max { lim n d ( x , x n ) , lim n d ( x n , T x n ) , d ( x , T x ) } =d ( x , T x ) ,

and hence

lim n M ( x n , x ) d(A,B)=d ( x , T x ) d(A,B).
(2.14)

Combining (1.6) and (2.14), we find

d ( x , T x ) d ( A , B ) lim n d ( T x n , T x ) lim n [ β ( M ( x n , x ) ) ( M ( x n , x ) d ( A , B ) ) ] = lim n β ( M ( x n , x ) ) ( d ( x , T x ) d ( A , B ) ) .
(2.15)

Since d( x ,T x )d(A,B)>0 together with (2.15), we get 1 lim n β(M( x n , x )). Hence, we have

lim n β ( M ( x n , x ) ) =1,

which yields

lim n M ( x n , x ) =d ( x , T x ) =0.

As a result, we deduce that d( x ,T x )=0>d(A,B), a contradiction. So, d( x ,T x )d(A,B) and hence d( x ,T x )=d(A,B), x is a best proximity point of T. Hence, we conclude that T has a best proximity point.

We claim that the best proximity point of T is unique.

Suppose, on the contrary, that x and y are two distinct best proximity points of T. Thus, we have

d ( x , T x ) =d(A,B)=d ( y , T y ) .
(2.16)

By using the P-property, we find

d ( x , y ) =d ( T x , T y )
(2.17)

and

M ( x , y ) = max { d ( x , y ) , d ( x , T x ) , d ( y , T y ) } = max { d ( x , y ) , d ( A , B ) , d ( A , B ) } = d ( x , y ) .

Due to the fact that T is a generalized Geraghty-contraction, we have

d ( x , y ) = d ( T x , T y ) β ( M ( x , y ) ) ( M ( x , y ) d ( A , B ) ) = β ( d ( x , y ) ) ( d ( x , y ) d ( A , B ) ) β ( d ( x , y ) ) d ( x , y ) < d ( x , y ) ,

a contradiction. This completes the proof. □

Remark 9 Let (X,d) be a metric space and A be any nonempty subset of X. It is evident that a pair (A,A) satisfies the P-property.

Corollary 10 Suppose that (X,d) is a complete metric space and A is a nonempty closed subset of X. If a self-mapping T:AA is a generalized Geraghty-contraction, then it has a unique fixed point.

Proof Taking Remark 9 into consideration, we conclude the desired result by applying Theorem 8 with A=B. □

In order to illustrate our main result, we present the following example.

Example 11 Suppose that X= R 2 with the metric

d ( ( x , y ) , ( x , y ) ) =max { | x x | , | y y | } ,

and consider the closed subsets

A = { ( x , 0 ) : 0 x 1 } , B = { ( x , 0 ) : 1 x 0 } ,

and let T:AB be the mapping defined by

T ( ( x , 0 ) ) = ( x 1 + x , 0 ) .

Since d(A,B)=0, the pair (A,B) has the P-property.

Notice that A 0 =(0,0) and B 0 =(0,0) and T( A 0 ) B 0 .

Moreover,

d ( T ( x , 0 ) , T ( x , 0 ) ) =d ( ( x 1 + x , 0 ) , ( x 1 + x , 0 ) ) =| x 1 + x + x 1 + x |= | x x | ( 1 + x ) ( 1 + x ) ,

and, as (1+x)(1+ x )1+|x x |, we have

d ( T ( x , 0 ) , T ( x , 0 ) ) = | x x | ( 1 + x ) ( 1 + x ) | x x | 1 + | x x | =β ( | x x | ) =β ( d ( ( x , 0 ) , ( x , 0 ) ) ) ,

where β:[0,)[0,1) is defined as β(t)= t 1 + t .

Notice that β is nondecreasing since β (t)= 1 ( 1 + t ) 2 .

Therefore,

d ( T ( x , 0 ) , T ( x , 0 ) ) β ( d ( ( x , 0 ) , ( x , 0 ) ) ) β ( M ( ( x , 0 ) , ( x , 0 ) ) ) = β ( M ( ( x , 0 ) , ( x , 0 ) ) ) M ( ( x , 0 ) , ( x , 0 ) ) M ( ( x , 0 ) , ( x , 0 ) )

and it is easily seen that the function γ(t)= β ( t ) t = 1 1 + t belongs to F.

Therefore, since the assumptions of Theorem 8 are satisfied, by Theorem 8 there exists a unique ( x ,0)A such that

d ( ( x , 0 ) , T ( x , 0 ) ) =0=d(A,B).

The point ( x ,0)A is (0,0)A.

References

  1. Geraghty M: On contractive mappings. Proc. Am. Math. Soc. 1973, 40: 604–608. 10.1090/S0002-9939-1973-0334176-5

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  2. Caballero J, Harjani J, Sadarangani K: A best proximity point theorem for Geraghty-contractions. Fixed Point Theory Appl. 2012., 2012: Article ID 231

    Google Scholar 

  3. Eldred AA, Veeramani P: Existence and convergence of best proximity points. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 2006, 323: 1001–1006. 10.1016/j.jmaa.2005.10.081

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  4. Anuradha J, Veeramani P: Proximal pointwise contraction. Topol. Appl. 2009, 156: 2942–2948. 10.1016/j.topol.2009.01.017

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  5. Markin J, Shahzad N: Best approximation theorems for nonexpansive and condensing mappings in hyperconvex spaces. Nonlinear Anal. 2009, 70: 2435–2441. 10.1016/j.na.2008.03.045

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  6. Basha SS, Veeramani P: Best proximity pair theorems for multifunctions with open fibres. J. Approx. Theory 2000, 103: 119–129. 10.1006/jath.1999.3415

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  7. Raj VS, Veeramani P: Best proximity pair theorems for relatively nonexpansive mappings. Appl. Gen. Topol. 2009, 10: 21–28.

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  8. Al-Thagafi MA, Shahzad N: Convergence and existence results for best proximity points. Nonlinear Anal. 2009, 70: 3665–3671. 10.1016/j.na.2008.07.022

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  9. Kirk WA, Reich S, Veeramani P: Proximinal retracts and best proximity pair theorems. Numer. Funct. Anal. Optim. 2003, 24: 851–862. 10.1081/NFA-120026380

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  10. Raj VS: A best proximity theorem for weakly contractive non-self mappings. Nonlinear Anal. 2011, 74: 4804–4808. 10.1016/j.na.2011.04.052

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  11. Raj, VS: Banach’s contraction principle for non-self mappings. Preprint

  12. Karapınar E: Best proximity points of cyclic mappings. Appl. Math. Lett. 2012, 25(11):1761–1766. 10.1016/j.aml.2012.02.008

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  13. Karapınar E, Erhan ÝM: Best proximity point on different type contractions. Appl. Math. Inf. Sci. 2011, 3(3):342–353.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Karapınar E: Best proximity points of Kannan type cyclic weak ϕ -contractions in ordered metric spaces. An. Stiint. Univ. Ovidius Constanta 2012, 20(3):51–64.

    MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  15. Mongkolkeha C, Kumam P: Best proximity point theorems for generalized cyclic contractions in ordered metric spaces. J. Optim. Theory Appl. 2012, 155: 215–226. 10.1007/s10957-012-9991-y

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  16. Mongkolkeha C, Kumam P: Some common best proximity points for proximity commuting mappings. Optim. Lett. 2012. doi:10.1007/s11590–012–0525–1 in press

    Google Scholar 

  17. Jleli M, Samet B: Best proximity points for α - ψ -proximal contractive type mappings and applications. Bull. Sci. Math. 2013. doi:10.1016/j.bulsci.2013.02.003

    Google Scholar 

  18. Mongkolkeha C, Cho YJ, Kumam P: Best proximity points for generalized proximal C -contraction mappings in metric spaces with partial orders. J. Inequal. Appl. 2013., 2013: Article ID 94

    Google Scholar 

  19. De la Sen M: Fixed point and best proximity theorems under two classes of integral-type contractive conditions in uniform metric spaces. Fixed Point Theory Appl. 2010., 2010: Article ID 510974

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Erdal Karapınar.

Additional information

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Authors’ contributions

All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 International License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0 ), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Bilgili, N., Karapınar, E. & Sadarangani, K. A generalization for the best proximity point of Geraghty-contractions. J Inequal Appl 2013, 286 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1186/1029-242X-2013-286

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1029-242X-2013-286

Keywords