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Existence of a solution of integral equations via fixed point theorem

Abstract

In this paper, we establish a solution to the following integral equation:

u(t)= 0 T G(t,s)f ( s , u ( s ) ) dsfor all t[0,T],
(1)

where T>0, f:[0,T]×RR and G:[0,T]×[0,T][0,) are continuous functions. For this purpose, we also obtain some auxiliary fixed point results which generalize, improve and unify some fixed point theorems in the literature.

MSC:47H10, 54H25.

1 Introduction and preliminaries

Fixed point theory is one of the most efficient tools in nonlinear functional analysis to solve the nonlinear differential and integral equations. The existence/uniqueness of a solution of differential/integral equations turns into the existence/uniqueness of a (common) fixed point of the operators which are obtained after suitable substitutions and elementary calculations; see, e.g., [114].

In this paper, we first obtain some fixed point theorems to solve the integral equation mentioned above. For the sake of completeness, we recollect some basic definitions and elementary results. Let X be a nonempty set and T be a self-mapping on X. Then, the set of all fixed points of T on X is denoted by Fix ( T ) X . Let Ψ be the set of all functions ψ:[0,)×[0,)[0,) satisfying the following conditions:

  1. (1)

    ψ is continuous,

  2. (2)

    ψ( t 1 , t 2 )=0 if and only if t 1 = t 2 =0,

  3. (3)

    ψ( t 1 , t 2 ) 1 2 ( t 1 + t 2 ).

Cyclic mapping and cyclic contraction were introduced by Kirk-Srinavasan-Veeramani to improve the well-known Banach fixed point theorem. Later, various types of cyclic contraction have been investigated by a number of authors; see, e.g., [6, 1517].

Definition 1.1 [18]

Suppose that (X,d) is a metric space and T is a self-mapping on X. Let m be a natural number and X i , i=1,,m, be nonempty sets. Then Y= i = 1 m X i is called a cyclic representation of X with respect to T if

T( X 1 ) X 2 ,,T( X m 1 ) X m ,T( X m ) X m + 1 ,

where X m + 1 = X 1 .

Definition 1.2 [17]

Let T:XX, r>0 and η,ξ:X[0,+) be two functions. We say that T is r-(η,ξ)-admissible if

  1. (i)

    η(x)r for some xX implies η(Tx)r,

  2. (ii)

    ξ(x)r for some xX implies ξ(Tx)r.

Definition 1.3 Let (X,d) be a metric space and T:YY be a self-mapping, where Y= i = 1 m X i is a cyclic representation of Y with respect to T. Let η,ξ:Y[0,+) be two functions. An operator T:YY is called:

  • a cyclic weak r-(η,ξ)-C-contractive mapping of the first kind if

    η(x)η(y)d(Tx,Ty)ξ(x)ξ(y) [ 1 2 [ d ( x , T y ) + d ( y , T x ) ] ψ ( d ( x , T y ) , d ( y , T x ) ) ]
    (2)

    holds for all x X i and y X i + 1 , where ψΨ.

  • a cyclic weak r-(η,ξ)-C-contractive mapping of the second kind if

    [ η ( x ) η ( y ) + r ] d ( T x , T y ) [ ξ ( x ) ξ ( y ) + r ] [ 1 2 [ d ( x , T y ) + d ( y , T x ) ] ψ ( d ( x , T y ) , d ( y , T x ) ) ]
    (3)

    such that r 2 +r>1 holds for all x X i and y X i + 1 , where ψΨ.

2 Auxiliary fixed point results

We state the main result of this section as follows.

Theorem 2.1 Let (X,d) be a complete metric space, mN, X 1 , X 2 ,, X m be nonempty closed subsets of (X,d) and Y= i = 1 m X i . Suppose that T:YY is a cyclic weak r-(η,ξ)-C-contractive mapping of the first kind such that

  1. (i)

    T is r-(η,ξ)-admissible;

  2. (ii)

    there exists x 0 Y such that η( x 0 )r and ξ( x 0 )r;

  3. (iii)

    if { x n } is a sequence in Y such that η( x n )r and ξ( x n )r for all nN and x n x as n, then η(x)r and ξ(x)r.

Then T has a fixed point x i = 1 n X i . Moreover, if η(x)r, η(y)r, ξ(x)r, ξ(y)r for all x,yFix ( T ) Y , then T has a unique fixed point.

Proof Let there exist x 0 Y such that η( x 0 )r and ξ( x 0 )r. Since T is r-(η,ξ)-admissible, then η(T x 0 )r and ξ(T x 0 )r. Again, since T is r-(η,ξ)-admissible, then η( T 2 x 0 )r and ξ( T 2 x 0 )r. By continuing this process, we get

η ( T n x 0 ) randξ ( T n x 0 ) rfor all nN.
(4)

On the other hand, since x 0 Y, there exists some i 0 such that x 0 X i 0 . Now T( X i 0 ) X i 0 + 1 implies that T x 0 X i 0 + 1 . Thus there exists x 1 in X i 0 + 1 such that T x 0 = x 1 . Similarly, T x n = x n + 1 , where x n X i n . Hence, for n0, there exists i n {1,2,,m} such that x n X i n and x n + 1 X i n + 1 . In case x n 0 = x n 0 + 1 for some n 0 =0,1,2, , then it is clear that x n 0 is a fixed point of T. Now assume that x n x n + 1 for all n. Hence, we have d( x n 1 , x n )>0 for all n. Set d n :=d( x n , x n + 1 ). We shall show that the sequence { d n } is non-increasing. Due to (2) with x= x n 1 and y= x n , we get

r 2 d ( x n , x n + 1 ) = r 2 d ( T x n 1 , T x n ) η ( x n 1 ) η ( x n ) d ( T x n 1 , T x n ) ξ ( x n 1 ) ξ ( x n ) [ 1 2 [ d ( x n 1 , T x n ) + d ( x n , T x n 1 ) ] ψ ( d ( x n 1 , T x n ) , d ( x n , T x n 1 ) ) ] = ξ ( x n 1 ) ξ ( x n ) [ 1 2 d ( x n 1 , x n + 1 ) ψ ( d ( x n 1 , x n + 1 ) , 0 ) ] r 2 [ 1 2 d ( x n 1 , x n + 1 ) ψ ( d ( x n 1 , x n + 1 ) , 0 ) ] ,

which implies

d ( x n , x n + 1 ) 1 2 d ( x n 1 , x n + 1 ) ψ ( d ( x n 1 , x n + 1 ) , 0 ) 1 2 d ( x n 1 , x n + 1 ) 1 2 [ d ( x n 1 , x n ) + d ( x n , x n + 1 ) ] ,
(5)

and so d n d n 1 for all nN. Then there exist d0 such that lim n d n =d. Suppose, on the contrary, that d>0. Also, taking limit as n in (5), we deduce

d 1 2 lim n d( x n 1 , x n + 1 ) 1 2 (d+d)=d,

that is,

lim n d( x n 1 , x n + 1 )=2d.
(6)

Taking limit as n in (5) and using (6), we get

d 1 2 [2d]ψ(2d,0).

Consequently, we have ψ(2d,0)=0, which yields d=0. Hence

lim n d( x n , x n + 1 )=0.
(7)

We shall show that { x n } is a Cauchy sequence. To reach this goal, first we prove the following claim:

(K) For every ε>0, there exists nN such that if r,qn with rq1(m), then d( x r , x q )<ε.

Suppose, to the contrary, that there exists ε>0 such that for any nN, we can find r n > q n n with r n q n 1(m) satisfying

d( x q n , x r n )ε.
(8)

Now, we take n>2m. Then, corresponding to q n n, one can choose r n in such a way that it is the smallest integer with r n > q n satisfying r n q n 1(m) and d( x q n , x r n )ε. Therefore, d( x q n , x r n m )<ε. By using the triangular inequality,

εd( x q n , x r n )d( x q n , x r n m )+ i = 1 m d( x r n i , x r n i 1 )<ε+ i = 1 m d( x r n i , x r n i 1 ).

Letting n in the last inequality, keeping (7) in mind, we derive that

lim n d( x q n , x r n )=ε.
(9)

Again,

ε d ( x q n , x r n ) d ( x q n , x q n + 1 ) + d ( x q n + 1 , x r n + 1 ) + d ( x r n + 1 , x r n ) d ( x q n , x q n + 1 ) + d ( x q n + 1 , x q n ) + d ( x q n , x r n ) + d ( x r n , x r n + 1 ) + d ( x r n + 1 , x r n ) .

Taking (7) and (9) into account, we get

lim n d( x q n + 1 , x r n + 1 )=ε
(10)

as n in (9).

Also we have the following inequalities:

d( x q n , x r n + 1 )d( x q n , x r n )+d( x r n , x r n + 1 )
(11)

and

d( x q n , x r n )d( x q n , x r n + 1 )+d( x r n , x r n + 1 ).
(12)

Letting n in (11) and (12), we derive that

lim n d( x q n , x r n + 1 )=ε.
(13)

Again, we have

d( x r n , x q n + 1 )d( x r n , x r n + 1 )+d( x r n + 1 , x q n + 1 )
(14)

and

d( x r n + 1 , x q n + 1 )d( x r n + 1 , x r n )+d( x r n , x q n + 1 ).
(15)

Letting n in (14) and (15), we conclude that

lim n d( x r n , x q n + 1 )=ε.
(16)

Since x q n and x r n lie in different adjacently labeled sets X i and X i + 1 for certain 1im, using the fact that T is a cyclic weak r-(η,ξ)-C-contractive mapping of the first kind, we have

r 2 d ( x r n + 1 , x q n + 1 ) = r 2 d ( T x r n , T x q n ) η ( x r n ) η ( x q n ) d ( T x r n , T x q n ) ξ ( x r n ) ξ ( x q n ) [ 1 2 [ d ( x r n , T x q n ) + d ( x q n , T x r n ) ] ψ ( d ( x r n , T x q n ) , d ( x q n , T x r n ) ) ] r 2 [ 1 2 [ d ( x r n , x q n + 1 ) + d ( x q n , x r n + 1 ) ] ψ ( d ( x r n , x q n + 1 ) , d ( x q n , x r n + 1 ) ) ] ,
(17)

which implies

d( x r n + 1 , x q n + 1 ) 1 2 [ d ( x r n , x q n + 1 ) + d ( x q n , x r n + 1 ) ] ψ ( d ( x r n , x q n + 1 ) , d ( x q n , x r n + 1 ) ) .

Letting n in the inequality above and keeping the expressions (7), (9), (10), (13), (16) in mind, we conclude that

εεψ(ε,ε).

Thus, we have ψ(ε,ε)=0, which yields that ε=0. Hence, (K) is satisfied.

We shall show that the sequence { x n } is Cauchy. Fix ε>0. By the claim, we find n 0 N such that if r,q n 0 with rq1(m), then

d( x r , x q ) ε 2 .
(18)

Since lim n d( x n , x n + 1 )=0, we also find n 1 N such that

d( x n , x n + 1 ) ε 2 m
(19)

for any n n 1 . Suppose that r,smax{ n 0 , n 1 } and s>r. Then, there exists k{1,2,,m} such that srk(m). Therefore, sr+φ1(m) for φ=mk+1. So, we have, for j{1,,m}, s+jr1(m)

d( x r , x s )d( x r , x s + j )+d( x s + j , x s + j 1 )++d( x s + 1 , x s ).

By (18) and (19) and from the last inequality, we get

d( x r , x s ) ε 2 +j× ε 2 m ε 2 +m× ε 2 m =ε.

This proves that { x n } is a Cauchy sequence. Since Y is closed in (X,d), then (Y,d) is also complete, there exists xY= i = 1 m X i such that lim n x n =x in (Y,d). In what follows, we prove that x is a fixed point of T. In fact, since lim n x n =x and, as Y= i = 1 m X i is a cyclic representation of Y with respect to T, the sequence { x n } has infinite terms in each X i for i{1,2,,m}. Suppose that x X i , Tx X i + 1 and we take a subsequence x n k of { x n } with x n k X i 1 . Now from (iii) we have η(x)r and ξ(x)r. By using the contractive condition, we can obtain

r 2 d ( T x , T x n k ) η ( x ) η ( x n k ) d ( T x , T x n k ) ξ ( x ) ξ ( x n k ) [ 1 2 [ d ( x , T x n k ) + d ( x n k , T x ) ] ψ ( d ( x , T x n k ) , d ( x n k , T x ) ) ] r 2 [ 1 2 [ d ( x , T x n k ) + d ( x n k , T x ) ] ψ ( d ( x , T x n k ) , d ( x n k , T x ) ) ] ,
(20)

which implies

d(Tx, x n k + 1 ) 1 2 [ d ( x , x n k + 1 ) + d ( x n k , T x ) ] ψ ( d ( x , x n k + 1 ) , d ( x n k , T x ) ) .

Passing to the limit as k in the last inequality, we get

d ( x , T x ) 1 2 d ( x , T x ) ψ ( 0 , d ( x , T x ) ) 1 2 d ( x , T x ) ,

which implies d(x,Tx)=0, i.e., x=Tx. Finally, to prove the uniqueness of the fixed point, suppose that x,yFix ( T ) Y such that η(x)r, η(y)r, ξ(x)r, ξ(y)r, where xy. The cyclic character of T and the fact that x,yX are fixed points of T imply that x,y i = 1 m X i . Suppose that xy. That is, d(x,y)>0. Using the contractive condition, we obtain

r 2 d ( T x , T y ) η ( x ) η ( y ) d ( T x , T y ) ξ ( x ) ξ ( y ) [ 1 2 [ d ( x , T y ) + d ( y , T x ) ] ψ ( d ( x , T y ) , d ( y , T x ) ) ] r 2 [ 1 2 [ d ( x , T y ) + d ( y , T x ) ] ψ ( d ( x , T y ) , d ( y , T x ) ) ] ,

which implies

d(x,y)d(x,y)ψ ( d ( x , y ) , d ( x , y ) ) .

Then ψ(d(x,y),d(x,y))=0 and so d(x,y)=0, i.e., x=y, which is a contradiction. This finishes the proof. □

Example 2.2 Let X=R with the metric d(x,y)=|xy| for all x,yX. Suppose A 1 =(,0] and A 2 =[0,) and Y= i = 1 2 A i . Define T:YY and η,ξ:Y[0,) by

T x = { x + 9 x 8 + 1 if  x ( , 10 ] , sin 2 x x 4 if  x [ 10 , 5 ) , 3 x if  x [ 5 , 1 ) , 0 if  x [ 1 , 1 ] , 5 ln x if  x ( 1 , 5 ) , 4 x ( 3 x ) ( 2 x ) if  x [ 5 , 10 ) , 9 x 3 if  x [ 10 , ) , η ( x ) = { 4 if  x [ 1 , 1 ] , 0 otherwise, ξ ( x ) = { 4 if  x [ 1 , 1 ] , 10 otherwise.

Also, define ψ: [ 0 , ) 2 [0,) by ψ(t,s)= 1 4 (t+s). Clearly, T A 1 A 2 , T A 2 A 1 and η(0)4 and ξ(0)4. Let η(x)4, then x[1,1]. On the other hand, Tw[1,1] for all w[1,1], i.e., η(Tx)1. Similarly, ξ(x)4 implies ξ(Tx)4. Therefore, T is an r-(η,ξ)-admissible mapping. Let { x n } be a sequence in X such that η( x n )1, ξ( x n )1 and x n x as n. Then x n [1,1]. So, x[1,1], i.e., η(x)1 and ξ(x)1.

Let x A 1 and y A 2 . Now, if x[1,0] or y[0,1], then η(x)η(y)=0. Also, if x[1,0] and y[0,1], then d(Tx,Ty)=0. That is, η(x)η(y)d(Tx,Ty)=0 for all x A 1 and all y A 2 . Hence,

η(x)η(y)d(Tx,Ty)=0ξ(x)ξ(y) [ 1 2 [ d ( x , T y ) + d ( y , T x ) ] ψ ( d ( x , T y ) , d ( y , T x ) ) ]

for all x A 1 and y A 2 . Then T is a cyclic weak r-(η,ξ)-C-contractive mapping of the first kind. Therefore all the conditions of Theorem 2.1 hold and T has a fixed point in A 1 A 2 . Here, x=0 is a fixed point of T.

Theorem 2.3 Let (X,d) be a complete metric space, mN, X 1 , X 2 ,, X m be nonempty closed subsets of (X,p) and Y= i = 1 m X i . Suppose that T:YY is a cyclic weak r-(η,ξ)-C-contractive mapping of the second kind such that

  1. (i)

    T is r-(η,ξ)-admissible;

  2. (ii)

    there exists x 0 Y such that η( x 0 )r and ξ( x 0 )r;

  3. (iii)

    if { x n } is a sequence in Y such that η( x n )r and ξ( x n )r for all nN and x n x as n, then η(x)r and ξ(x)r.

Then T has a fixed point x i = 1 n X i . Moreover, if η(x)r, η(y)r, ξ(x)r, ξ(y)r for all x,yFix ( T ) Y , then T has a unique fixed point.

Proof By a similar method as in the proof of Theorem 2.1, we have

x n + 1 =T x n ,η( x n )randξ( x n )rfor all nN.
(21)

We shall show that the sequence { d n :=d( x n , x n + 1 )} is non-increasing. Due to (3) with x= x n 1 and y= x n , we get

( r 2 + r ) d ( x n , x n + 1 ) = ( r 2 + r ) d ( T x n 1 , T x n ) ( η ( x n 1 ) η ( x n ) + r ) d ( T x n 1 , T x n ) ( ξ ( x n 1 ) ξ ( x n ) + r ) [ 1 2 [ d ( x n 1 , T x n ) + d ( x n , T x n 1 ) ] ψ ( d ( x n 1 , T x n ) , d ( x n , T x n 1 ) ) ] = ( ξ ( x n 1 ) ξ ( x n ) + r ) [ 1 2 d ( x n 1 , x n + 1 ) ψ ( d ( x n 1 , x n + 1 ) , 0 ) ] ( r 2 + r ) [ 1 2 d ( x n 1 , x n + 1 ) ψ ( d ( x n 1 , x n + 1 ) , 0 ) ] ,

which implies

d ( x n , x n + 1 ) 1 2 d ( x n 1 , x n + 1 ) ψ ( d ( x n 1 , x n + 1 ) , 0 ) 1 2 d ( x n 1 , x n + 1 ) 1 2 [ d ( x n 1 , x n ) + d ( x n , x n + 1 ) ] ,
(22)

and so d n d n 1 for all nN. Then there exists d0 such that lim n d n =d. We shall show that d=0 by the method of reductio ad absurdum. Suppose that d>0. By letting n in (22), we deduce

d 1 2 lim n d( x n 1 , x n + 1 ) 1 2 (d+d)=d,

that is,

lim n d( x n 1 , x n + 1 )=2d.
(23)

Taking limit as n in (22) and using (23), we get

d 1 2 [2d]ψ(2d,0).

Thus, we have ψ(2d,0)=0 and hence d=0, which is a contradiction. Consequently, we have

lim n d n = lim n d( x n , x n + 1 )=0.
(24)

We shall show that { x n } is a Cauchy sequence. To reach this goal, first we prove the following claim:

(K) For every ε>0, there exists nN such that if r,qn with rq1(m), then d( x r , x q )<ε.

Suppose, to the contrary, that there exists ε>0 such that for any nN we can find r n > q n n with r n q n 1(m) satisfying

d( x q n , x r n )ε.
(25)

Following the related lines in Theorem 2.1, we deduce

lim n d( x q n , x r n )=ε,
(26)
lim n d( x q n + 1 , x r n + 1 )=ε,
(27)
lim n d( x q n , x r n + 1 )=ε
(28)

and

lim n d( x r n , x q n + 1 )=ε.
(29)

Since x q n and x r n lie in different adjacently labeled sets X i and X i + 1 for certain 1im, using the fact that a cyclic weak r-(η,ξ)-C-contractive mapping of the second kind, we have

( r 2 + r ) d ( x r n + 1 , x q n + 1 ) = ( r 2 + r ) d ( T x r n , T x q n ) ( η ( x r n ) η ( x q n ) + r ) d ( T x r n , T x q n ) ( ξ ( x r n ) ξ ( x q n ) + r ) [ 1 2 [ d ( x r n , T x q n ) + d ( x q n , T x r n ) ] ψ ( d ( x r n , T x q n ) , d ( x q n , T x r n ) ) ] ( r 2 + r ) [ 1 2 [ d ( x r n , x q n + 1 ) + d ( x q n , x r n + 1 ) ] ψ ( d ( x r n , x q n + 1 ) , d ( x q n , T x r n + 1 ) ) ] ,

which implies

d( x r n + 1 , x q n + 1 ) 1 2 [ d ( x r n , x q n + 1 ) + d ( x q n , x r n + 1 ) ] ψ ( d ( x r n , x q n + 1 ) , d ( x q n , T x r n + 1 ) ) .

Letting n in the inequality above and by applying (24) (26), (27), (28), (29), we deduce that

εεψ(ε,ε).

Consequently, we have ψ(ε,ε)=0, and hence ε=0. As a result, we conclude that (K) is satisfied. We assert that the sequence { x n } is Cauchy. Fix ε>0. By the claim, we find n 0 N such that if r,q n 0 with rq1(m), then

d( x r , x q ) ε 2 .
(30)

Since lim n d( x n , x n + 1 )=0, we also find n 1 N such that

d( x n , x n + 1 ) ε 2 m
(31)

for any n n 1 . Suppose that r,smax{ n 0 , n 1 } and s>r. Then there exists k{1,2,,m} such that srk(m). Therefore, sr+φ1(m) for φ=mk+1. So, we have, for j{1,,m}, s+jr1(m),

d( x r , x s )d( x r , x s + j )+d( x s + j , x s + j 1 )++d( x s + 1 , x s ).

By (30) and (31) and from the last inequality, we get

d ( x r , x s ) ε 2 + j × ε 2 m ε 2 + m × ε 2 m = ε .

This proves that { x n } is a Cauchy sequence. Since Y is closed in (X,d), then (Y,d) is also complete, there exists xY= i = 1 m X i such that lim n x n =x in (Y,d). In what follows, we prove that x is a fixed point of T. In fact, since lim n x n =x and, as Y= i = 1 m X i is a cyclic representation of Y with respect to T, the sequence { x n } has infinite terms in each X i for i{1,2,,m}. Suppose that x X i , Tx X i + 1 and we take a subsequence x n k of { x n } with x n k X i 1 . Now from (iii) we have η(x)r and ξ(x)r. By using the contractive condition, we can obtain

( r 2 + r ) d ( T x , T x n k ) ( η ( x ) η ( x n k ) + r ) d ( T x , T x n k ) ( ξ ( x ) ξ ( x n k ) + r ) [ 1 2 [ d ( x , T x n k ) + d ( x n k , T x ) ] ψ ( d ( x , T x n k ) , d ( x n k , T x ) ) ] ( r 2 + r ) [ 1 2 [ d ( x , T x n k ) + d ( x n k , T x ) ] ψ ( d ( x , T x n k ) , d ( x n k , T x ) ) ] ,
(32)

which implies

d(Tx, x n k + 1 ) 1 2 [ d ( x , x n k + 1 ) + d ( x n k , T x ) ] ψ ( d ( x , x n k + 1 ) , d ( x n k , T x ) ) .

Passing to the limit as k in the last inequality, we get

d(x,Tx) 1 2 d(x,Tx)ψ ( 0 , d ( x , T x ) ) 1 2 d(x,Tx),

which implies d(x,Tx)=0, i.e., x=Tx. Finally, to prove the uniqueness of the fixed point, suppose that x,yFix ( T ) Y such that η(x)r, η(y)r, ξ(x)r, ξ(y)r, where xy. The cyclic character of T and the fact that x,yX are fixed points of T imply that x,y i = 1 m X i . Suppose that xy. That is, d(x,y)>0. Using the contractive condition, we obtain

( r 2 + r ) d ( T x , T y ) ( η ( x ) η ( y ) + r ) d ( T x , T y ) ( ξ ( x ) ξ ( y ) + r ) [ 1 2 [ d ( x , T y ) + d ( y , T x ) ] ψ ( d ( x , T y ) , d ( y , T x ) ) ] ( r 2 + r ) [ 1 2 [ d ( x , T y ) + d ( y , T x ) ] ψ ( d ( x , T y ) , d ( y , T x ) ) ] ,

which implies

d(x,y)d(x,y)ψ ( d ( x , y ) , d ( x , y ) ) .

Hence, we obtain ψ(d(x,y),d(x,y))=0, which implies d(x,y)=0, that is, x=y a contradiction. □

3 Existence of solutions of an integral equation

For T>0, we denote by X=C([0,T]) the set of real continuous functions on [0,T]. We endow X with the metric

d (u,v)= u v for all u,vX.

It is evident that (X, d ) is a complete metric space.

Consider the integral equation

u(t)= 0 T G(t,s)f ( s , u ( s ) ) dsfor all t[0,T],
(33)
  1. (1)

    f:[0,T]×RR and G:[0,T]×[0,T][0,) are continuous functions.

  2. (2)

    Let (α,β) X 2 , ( α 0 , β 0 ) R 2 such that

    α 0 α(t)β(t) β 0 for all t[0,T].
    (34)

    Assume that for all t[0,T], we have

    α(t) 0 T G(t,s)f ( s , β ( s ) ) ds
    (35)

    and

    β(t) 0 T G(t,s)f ( s , α ( s ) ) ds.
    (36)

    Let for all s[0,T], f(s,) be a decreasing function, that is,

    x,yR,xyf(s,x)f(s,y).
    (37)

    Let Z:={uX:uβ}{uX:uα}. There exist 0r<1 and θ,π:ZR such that if θ(x)0 and θ(y)0 with (x β 0 and y α 0 ) or (x α 0 and y β 0 ), then for every s[0,T], we have

    |f ( s , x ( s ) ) f ( s , y ( s ) ) | r | π ( y ) | 2 ( | x ( s ) T y ( s ) | + | y ( s ) T x ( s ) | ) .
    (38)
  3. (3)

    Assume that

    0 T | π ( y ) | G ( t , s ) d s 1
    (39)

    for all xZ, where θ(x)0. Suppose that

    θ(x)0θ(Tx)0for x{uX:uβ}{uX:uα}.
    (40)
  4. (4)

    If { x n } is a sequence in {uX:uβ}{uX:uα} such that θ( x n )0 for all nN and x n x as n, then θ(x)0.

  5. (5)

    There exists x 0 {uX:uβ}{uX:uα} such that θ( x 0 )0.

Theorem 3.1 Under assumptions (1)-(5), integral equation (33) has a solution in {uC([0,T]):α(t)u(t)β(t)for allt[0,T]}.

Proof Define the closed subsets of X, A 1 and A 2 by

A 1 ={uX:uβ}

and

A 2 ={uX:uα}.

Also define the mapping T:XX by

Tu(t)= 0 T G(t,s)f ( s , u ( s ) ) dsfor all t[0,T].

Let us prove that

T( A 1 ) A 2 andT( A 2 ) A 1 .
(41)

Suppose u A 1 , that is,

u(s)β(s)for all s[0,T].

Applying condition (37), since G(t,s)0 for all t,s[0,T], we obtain that

G(t,s)f ( s , u ( s ) ) G(t,s)f ( s , β ( s ) ) for all t,s[0,T].

The above inequality with condition (35) imply that

0 T G(t,s)f ( s , u ( s ) ) ds 0 T G(t,s)f ( s , β ( s ) ) dsα(t)

for all t[0,T]. Then we have Tu A 2 .

Similarly, let u A 2 , that is,

u(s)α(s)for all s[0,T].

Using condition (37), since G(t,s)0 for all t,s[0,T], we obtain that

G(t,s)f ( s , u ( s ) ) G(t,s)f ( s , α ( s ) ) for all t,s[0,T].

The above inequality with condition (36) imply that

0 T G(t,s)f ( s , u ( s ) ) ds 0 T G(t,s)f ( s , α ( s ) ) dsβ(t)

for all t[0,T]. Then we have Tu A 1 . Also, we deduce that (41) holds.

Now, let (u,v) A 1 × A 2 , that is, for all t[0,T],

u(t)β(t),v(t)α(t).

This implies from condition (34) that for all t[0,T],

u(t) β 0 ,v(t) α 0 .

Now, by conditions (39) and (38), we have, for all s[0,T],

| T u ( t ) T v ( t ) | = | 0 T G ( t , s ) [ f ( s , u ( s ) ) f ( s , v ( s ) ) ] d s | 0 T G ( t , s ) | f ( s , u ( s ) ) f ( s , v ( s ) ) | d s 0 T G ( t , s ) r | π ( y ) | 2 ( | u ( s ) T v ( s ) | + | v ( s ) T u ( s ) | ) d s r 2 ( u T v + v T u ) 0 T | π ( v ) | G ( t , s ) d s r 2 ( u T v + v T u ) ,

which implies

T u T v r 2 ( u T v + v T u ) .

Define η,ξ:Z[0,) by η(u)= { 1 , θ ( u ) 0 , 0 , otherwise and ξ(u)=1. Further, ψ( t 1 , t 2 )= ( 1 r ) 2 ( t 1 + t 2 ).

Hence,

η(u)η(v) d (Tu,Tv) r 2 ( d ( u , T v ) + d ( v , T u ) )

for all (u,v) A 1 × A 2 . By a similar method, we can show that the above inequality holds if (u,v) A 2 × A 1 . Now, all the conditions of Theorem 2.1 hold and T has a fixed point z in

A 1 A 2 = { u C ( [ 0 , T ] ) : α u ( t ) β  for all  t [ 0 , T ] } .

That is, z A 1 A 2 is the solution to (33). □

Example 3.2 In this example, we denote by X=C([0,1]) the set of real continuous functions on [0,1]. We endow X with the metric

d (u,v)= u v for all u,vX.

Consider the following continuous functions:

f(t,x)= { x 3 if  x ( , 0 ) , 0 if  x [ 0 , 1 ] , x 2 1 if  x ( 1 , 4 ) , 15 if  x [ 4 , e 16 1 ] , x 2 + 16 e 16 if  x ( e 16 1 , ) for all t[0,1]

and

G(t,s)= t 1 + t e s for all s,t[0,1]×[0,1].

Let α(t)=0 and β(t)=1. Then, for ( α 0 , β 0 )=(0,1) R 2 , we have

α 0 α ( t ) β ( t ) β 0 ; α ( t ) = 0 0 1 G ( t , s ) f ( s , β ( s ) ) d s = 0

and

β(t)=1 0 1 G(t,s)f ( s , α ( s ) ) ds=0.

Also, Z:={uX:uβ}{uX:uα}=X. Define θ,π:ZR by

θ ( x ( t ) ) = { 0 if  0 x ( t ) 1  for all  t [ 0 , 1 ] 1 , otherwise andπ(x)= 1 e 1 .

Clearly, θ(0)0. Also, if θ(x(t))0, then 0x(t)1. On the other hand,

Tu(t)= 0 1 G(t,s)f ( s , u ( s ) ) ds=0

for all 0u(t)1. That is, θ(Tx(t))0. Hence, θ(x)0 implies θ(Tx)0.

Assume θ(x(s))0 and θ(y(s))0 with (x β 0 and y α 0 ) or (x α 0 and y β 0 ). Thus, 0x(s)1 and 0y(s)1, which implies f(s,x(s))=f(s,y(s))=0. That is,

|f ( s , x ( s ) ) f ( s , y ( s ) ) |=0 r | π ( y ) | 2 ( | x ( s ) T y ( s ) | + | y ( s ) T x ( s ) | )

for all s[0,1], where 0r<1. Further,

0 1 |π(y)|G(t,s)ds= 0 1 1 e 1 t 1 + t e s ds= t 1 + t 1,

and so

0 T | π ( y ) | G ( t , s ) d s 1.

Assume that { x n } is a sequence in X such that θ( x n )0 for all nN and x n x as n. Then 0 x n 1. So, 0x1. That is, θ(x)0.

Therefore, all of the conditions of Theorem 3.1 are satisfied. Then the integral equation

u(t)= t 1 + t 0 1 e s f ( s , u ( s ) ) ds

has a solution in {uC([0,1]):0u(t)1 for all t[0,1]}. Here, u(t)=0 is a solution.

But if we chose x 0 (t)=0 and y 0 (t)= e 16 1 , then f(s, x 0 (s))=0 and f(s, y 0 (s))=15. That is,

|f ( s , x 0 ( s ) ) f ( s , y 0 ( s ) ) |=15.

Also,

ln ( | x 0 ( s ) y 0 ( s ) | 2 + 1 ) = ln ( | 0 e 16 1 | 2 + 1 ) = ln e 16 =4,

and so

|f ( s , x 0 ( s ) ) f ( s , y 0 ( s ) ) |=15>4= ln ( | x 0 ( s ) y 0 ( s ) | 2 + 1 ) .

That is, Theorem 3.1 of [6] cannot be applied to this example.

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank the anonymous referees for their remarkable comments, suggestions and ideas that helped to improve this paper. The third author (V Rakocević) is supported by Grant No. 174025 of the Ministry of Science, Technology and Development, Republic of Serbia.

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Gülyaz, S., Karapınar, E., Rakocević, V. et al. Existence of a solution of integral equations via fixed point theorem. J Inequal Appl 2013, 529 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1186/1029-242X-2013-529

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