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Some basic properties of certain subclasses of meromorphically starlike functions

Abstract

In this paper, we introduce and investigate certain subclasses of meromorphically starlike functions. Such results as coefficient inequalities, neighborhoods, partial sums, and inclusion relationships are derived. Relevant connections of the results derived here with those in earlier works are also pointed out.

MSC:30C45, 30C80.

1 Introduction

Let Σ denote the class of functions f of the form

f(z)= 1 z + k = 1 a k z k ,
(1.1)

which are analytic in the punctured open unit disk

U := { z : z C  and  0 < | z | < 1 } =:U{0}.

A function fΣ is said to be in the class MS (α) of meromorphically starlike functions of order α if it satisfies the inequality

( z f ( z ) f ( z ) ) <α(zU;0α<1).

Let denote the class of functions p given by

p(z)=1+ k = 1 p k z k (zU),
(1.2)

which are analytic in and satisfy the condition

( p ( z ) ) >0(zU).

For some recent investigations on analytic starlike functions, see (for example) the earlier works [114] and the references cited in each of these earlier investigations.

Given two functions f,gΣ, where f is given by (1.1) and g is given by

g(z)= 1 z + k = 1 b k z k ,

the Hadamard product (or convolution) fg is defined by

(fg)(z):= 1 z + k = 1 a k b k z k =:(gf)(z).

A function fΣ is said to be in the class H(β,λ) if it satisfies the condition

( z f ( z ) f ( z ) + β z 2 f ( z ) f ( z ) ) <βλ ( λ + 1 2 ) + β 2 λ(zU),
(1.3)

where (and throughout this paper unless otherwise mentioned) the parameters β and λ are constrained as follows:

β0and 1 2 λ<1.
(1.4)

Clearly, we have

H(0,λ)= MS (λ).

In a recent paper, Wang et al. [15] had proved that if fH(β,λ), then f MS (λ), which implies that the class H(β,λ) is a subclass of the class MS (λ) of meromorphically starlike functions of order λ.

Let H + (β,λ) denote the subset of H(β,λ) such that all functions fH(β,λ) having the following form:

f(z)= 1 z k = 1 a k z k ( a k 0).
(1.5)

In the present paper, we aim at proving some coefficient inequalities, neighborhoods, partial sums and inclusion relationships for the function classes H(β,λ) and H + (β,λ).

2 Preliminary results

In order to prove our main results, we need the following lemmas.

Lemma 2.1 (See [16])

If the function pP is given by (1.2), then

| p k |2(kN).

Lemma 2.2 Let β>0 and 1γ2β>0. Suppose also that the sequence { A k } k = 1 is defined by

A 1 = 1 γ 2 β 1 β and A k + 1 = 2 ( 1 γ 2 β ) 1 2 β + ( β k + 1 ) ( k + 1 ) ( 1 + l = 1 k A l ) ( k N ) .
(2.1)

Then

A k = 1 γ 2 β 1 β j = 1 k 1 3 6 β 2 γ + j ( β j + 1 β ) 1 2 β + ( β j + 1 ) ( j + 1 ) ( k N { 1 } ) .
(2.2)

Proof By virtue of (2.1), we easily get

[ 1 2 β + ( β k + 1 ) ( k + 1 ) ] A k + 1 =2(1γ2β) ( 1 + l = 1 k A l ) ,
(2.3)

and

[ 1 2 β + ( β k + 1 β ) k ] A k =2(1γ2β) ( 1 + l = 1 k 1 A l ) .
(2.4)

Combining (2.3) and (2.4), we obtain

A k + 1 A k = 3 6 β 2 γ + k ( β k + 1 β ) 1 2 β + ( β k + 1 ) ( k + 1 ) .
(2.5)

Thus, for k2, we deduce from (2.5) that

A k = A k A k 1 A 3 A 2 A 2 A 1 A 1 = 1 γ 2 β 1 β j = 1 k 1 3 6 β 2 γ + j ( β j + 1 β ) 1 2 β + ( β j + 1 ) ( j + 1 ) .

The proof of Lemma 2.2 is evidently completed. □

The following two lemmas can be derived from [[17], Theorem 1] (see also [18]), we here choose to omit the details of proof.

Lemma 2.3 Let

1+βλ ( λ + 1 2 ) λ 3 2 β>0.
(2.6)

Suppose also that fΣ is given by (1.1). If

k = 1 [ k + β k ( k 1 ) + γ ] | a k |1γ2β,
(2.7)

where (and throughout this paper unless otherwise mentioned) the parameter γ is constrained as follows:

γ:=λβλ ( λ + 1 2 ) β 2 ,
(2.8)

then fH(β,λ).

Lemma 2.4 Let fΣ be given by (1.5). Suppose also that γ is defined by (2.8) and the condition (2.6) holds true. Then f H + (β,λ) if and only if

k = 1 [ k + β k ( k 1 ) + γ ] a k 1γ2β.
(2.9)

3 Main results

We begin by proving the following coefficient estimates for functions belonging to the class H(β,λ).

Theorem 3.1 Let γ be defined by (2.8). If fH(β,λ) with 0<β<2/5, then

| a 1 | 1 γ 2 β 1 β ,

and

| a k | 1 γ 2 β 1 β j = 1 k 1 3 6 β 2 γ + j ( β j + 1 β ) 1 2 β + ( β j + 1 ) ( j + 1 ) ( k N { 1 } ) .

Proof Suppose that

q(z):= z f ( z ) f ( z ) β z 2 f ( z ) f ( z ) +βλ ( λ + 1 2 ) + β 2 λ.
(3.1)

Then, by the definition of the function class H(β,λ), we know that q is analytic in and

( q ( z ) ) >0(zU)

with

q(0)=1γ2β>0.

It follows from (2.8) and (3.1) that

q(z)f(z)=z f (z)β z 2 f (z)γf(z).
(3.2)

By noting that

h(z)= q ( z ) 1 γ 2 β P,

if we put

q(z)= c 0 + k = 1 c k z k ( c 0 =1γ2β),

by Lemma 2.1, we know that

| c k |2(1γ2β)(kN).

It follows from (3.2) that

( c 0 + k = 1 c k z k ) ( 1 z + k = 1 a k z k ) = ( 1 z k = 1 k a k z k ) ( 2 β z + β k = 1 k ( k 1 ) a k z k ) γ ( 1 z + k = 1 a k z k ) .
(3.3)

In view of (3.3), we get

(1γ2β) a 1 + c 2 = a 1 γ a 1
(3.4)

and

c k + 2 + ( 1 γ 2 β ) a k + 1 + l = 1 k a l c k + 1 l = ( k + 1 ) a k + 1 β k ( k + 1 ) a k + 1 γ a k + 1 ( k N ) .
(3.5)

From (3.4), we obtain

| a 1 | 1 γ 2 β 1 β .
(3.6)

Moreover, we deduce from (3.5) that

| a k + 1 | 2 ( 1 γ 2 β ) 1 2 β + ( β k + 1 ) ( k + 1 ) ( 1 + l = 1 k | a l | ) (kN).
(3.7)

Next, we define the sequence { A k } k = 1 as follows:

A 1 = 1 γ 2 β 1 β and A k + 1 = 2 ( 1 γ 2 β ) 1 2 β + ( β k + 1 ) ( k + 1 ) ( 1 + l = 1 k A l ) (kN).
(3.8)

In order to prove that

| a k | A k (kN),

we make use of the principle of mathematical induction. By noting that

| a 1 | A 1 = 1 γ 2 β 1 β .

Therefore, assuming that

| a l | A l (l=1,2,3,,k;kN).

Combining (3.7) and (3.8), we get

| a k + 1 | 2 ( 1 γ 2 β ) 1 2 β + ( β k + 1 ) ( k + 1 ) ( 1 + l = 1 k | a l | ) 2 ( 1 γ 2 β ) 1 2 β + ( β k + 1 ) ( k + 1 ) ( 1 + l = 1 k A l ) = A k + 1 ( k N ) .

Hence, by the principle of mathematical induction, we have

| a k | A k (kN)
(3.9)

as desired.

By means of Lemma 2.2 and (3.8), we know that (2.2) holds true. Combining (3.9) and (2.2), we readily get the coefficient estimates asserted by Theorem 3.1. □

Following the earlier works (based upon the familiar concept of neighborhood of analytic functions) by Goodman [19] and Ruscheweyh [20], and (more recently) by Altintaş et al. [2124], Cǎtaş [25], Cho et al. [26], Liu and Srivastava [2729], Frasin [30], Keerthi et al. [31], Srivastava et al. [32] and Wang et al. [33]. Assuming that γ is given by (2.8) and the condition (2.6) of Lemma 2.3 holds true, we here introduce the δ-neighborhood of a function fΣ of the form (1.1) by means of the following definition:

N δ ( f ) : = { g Σ : g ( z ) = 1 z + k = 1 b k z k  and  k = 1 k + β k ( k 1 ) + γ 1 γ 2 β | a k b k | δ ( δ 0 ) } .
(3.10)

By making use of the definition (3.10), we now derive the following result.

Theorem 3.2 Let the condition (2.6) hold true. If fΣ satisfies the condition

f ( z ) + ε z 1 1 + ε H(β,λ) ( ε C ; | ε | < δ ; δ > 0 ) ,
(3.11)

then

N δ (f)H(β,λ).
(3.12)

Proof By noting that the condition (1.3) can be written as

| z f ( z ) f ( z ) + β z 2 f ( z ) f ( z ) + 1 z f ( z ) f ( z ) + β z 2 f ( z ) f ( z ) + 2 γ 1 |<1(zU),
(3.13)

we easily find from (3.13) that a function gH(β,λ) if and only if

z g ( z ) + β z 2 g ( z ) + g ( z ) z g ( z ) + β z 2 g ( z ) + ( 2 γ 1 ) g ( z ) σ ( z U ; σ C ; | σ | = 1 ) ,

which is equivalent to

( g h ) ( z ) z 1 0(zU),
(3.14)

where

h(z)= 1 z + k = 1 c k z k ( c k : = k + β k ( k 1 ) + 1 [ k + β k ( k 1 ) + ( 2 γ 1 ) ] σ 2 [ β + ( 1 γ β ) σ ] ) .
(3.15)

It follows from (3.15) that

| c k | = | k + β k ( k 1 ) + 1 [ k + β k ( k 1 ) + ( 2 γ 1 ) ] σ 2 [ β + ( 1 γ β ) σ ] | k + β k ( k 1 ) + 1 + [ k + β k ( k 1 ) + ( 2 γ 1 ) ] | σ | 2 ( 1 γ 2 β ) | σ | = k + β k ( k 1 ) + γ 1 γ 2 β ( | σ | = 1 ) .

If fΣ given by (1.1) satisfies the condition (3.11), we deduce from (3.14) that

( f h ) ( z ) z 1 ε ( | ε | < δ ; δ > 0 ) ,

or equivalently,

| ( f h ) ( z ) z 1 |δ(zU;δ>0).
(3.16)

We now suppose that

q(z)= 1 z + k = 1 d k z k N δ (f).

It follows from (3.10) that

| ( ( q f ) h ) ( z ) z 1 |=| k = 1 ( d k a k ) c k z k + 1 ||z| k = 1 k + β k ( k 1 ) + γ 1 γ 2 β | d k a k |<δ.
(3.17)

Combining (3.16) and (3.17), we easily find that

| ( q h ) ( z ) z 1 |=| ( [ f + ( q f ) ] h ) ( z ) z 1 || ( f h ) ( z ) z 1 || ( ( q f ) h ) ( z ) z 1 |>0,

which implies that

( q h ) ( z ) z 1 0(zU).

Therefore, we have

q(z) N δ (f)H(β,λ).

The proof of Theorem 3.2 is thus completed. □

Next, we derive the partial sums of the class H(β,λ). For some recent investigations involving the partial sums in analytic function theory, one can find in [28, 29, 34, 35] and the references cited therein.

Theorem 3.3 Let fΣ be given by (1.1) and define the partial sums f n (z) of f by

f n (z)= 1 z + k = 1 n a k z k (nN).
(3.18)

If

k = 1 k + β k ( k 1 ) + γ 1 γ 2 β | a k |1,
(3.19)

where γ is given by (2.8) and the condition (2.6) holds true, then

  1. 1.

    fH(β,λ);

  2. 2.
    ( f ( z ) f n ( z ) ) n + β n ( n + 1 ) + 2 β + 2 γ n + β n ( n + 1 ) + 1 + γ (nN;zU),
    (3.20)

and

( f n ( z ) f ( z ) ) n + β n ( n + 1 ) + 1 + γ n + β n ( n + 1 ) + 2 2 β (nN;zU).
(3.21)

The bounds in (3.20) and (3.21) are sharp.

Proof First of all, we suppose that

f 1 (z)= 1 z .

We know that

f 1 ( z ) + ε z 1 1 + ε = 1 z H(β,λ).

From (3.19), we easily find that

k = 1 k + β k ( k 1 ) + γ 1 γ 2 β | a k 0|1,

which implies that f N 1 ( z 1 ). By virtue of Theorem 3.2, we deduce that

f N 1 ( z 1 ) H(β,λ).

Next, it is easy to see that

n + 1 + β n ( n + 1 ) + γ 1 γ 2 β > n + β n ( n 1 ) + γ 1 γ 2 β >1(nN).

Therefore, we have

k = 1 n | a k |+ n + β n ( n + 1 ) + 1 + γ 1 γ 2 β k = n + 1 | a k | k = 1 k + β k ( k 1 ) + γ 1 γ 2 β | a k |1.
(3.22)

We now suppose that

h 1 ( z ) = n + β n ( n + 1 ) + 1 + γ 1 γ 2 β ( f ( z ) f n ( z ) n + β n ( n + 1 ) + 2 β + 2 γ n + β n ( n + 1 ) + 1 + γ ) = 1 + n + β n ( n + 1 ) + 1 + γ 1 γ 2 β k = n + 1 a k z k + 1 1 + k = 1 n a k z k + 1 .
(3.23)

It follows from (3.22) and (3.23) that

| h 1 ( z ) 1 h 1 ( z ) + 1 | n + β n ( n + 1 ) + 1 + γ 1 γ 2 β k = n + 1 | a k | 2 2 k = 1 n | a k | n + β n ( n + 1 ) + 1 + γ 1 γ 2 β k = n + 1 | a k | 1(zU),

which shows that

( h 1 ( z ) ) 0(zU).
(3.24)

Combining (3.23) and (3.24), we deduce that the assertion (3.20) holds true.

Furthermore, if we put

f(z)= 1 z 1 γ 2 β n + β n ( n + 1 ) + 1 + γ z n + 1 ,
(3.25)

then

f ( z ) f n ( z ) =1 1 γ 2 β n + β n ( n + 1 ) + 1 + γ z n + 2 n + β n ( n + 1 ) + 2 β + 2 γ n + β n ( n + 1 ) + 1 + γ ( z 1 ) ,

which implies that the bound in (3.20) is the best possible for each nN.

Similarly, we suppose that

h 2 ( z ) = n + β n ( n + 1 ) + 2 2 β 1 γ 2 β ( f n ( z ) f ( z ) n + β n ( n + 1 ) + 1 + γ n + β n ( n + 1 ) + 2 2 β ) = 1 n + β n ( n + 1 ) + 2 2 β 1 γ 2 β k = n + 1 a k z k + 1 1 + k = 1 a k z k + 1 .
(3.26)

In view of (3.22) and (3.26), we conclude that

| h 2 ( z ) 1 h 2 ( z ) + 1 | n + β n ( n + 1 ) + 2 2 β 1 γ 2 β k = n + 1 | a k | 2 2 k = 1 n | a k | n + β n ( n + 1 ) + 2 β + 2 γ 1 γ 2 β k = n + 1 | a k | 1(zU),

which implies that

( h 2 ( z ) ) 0(zU).
(3.27)

Combining (3.26) and (3.27), we readily get the assertion (3.21) of Theorem 3.3. The bound in (3.21) is sharp with the extremal function f given by (3.25). We thus complete the proof of Theorem 3.3. □

In what follows, we turn to quotients involving derivatives. The proof of Theorem 3.4 below is similar to that of Theorem 3.3, we here choose to omit the analogous details.

Theorem 3.4 Let fΣ be given by (1.1) and define the partial sums f n (z) of f by (3.18). If the conditions (2.6) and (3.19) hold, where γ is given by (2.8), then

( f ( z ) f n ( z ) ) ( n + 2 ) γ + ( n + 1 ) ( n + 2 ) β n + β n ( n + 1 ) + 1 + γ (nN;zU),
(3.28)

and

( f n ( z ) f ( z ) ) n + β n ( n + 1 ) + 1 + γ ( n 2 ) ( n + 1 ) β + 2 ( n + 1 ) n γ (nN;zU).
(3.29)

The bounds in (3.28) and (3.29) are sharp with the extremal function given by (3.25).

Finally, we prove the following inclusion relationship for the function class H(β,λ).

Theorem 3.5 Let

β 1 β 2 1and 1 2 λ 1 λ 2 <1.

Then

H( β 1 , λ 1 )H( β 2 , λ 2 ).
(3.30)

Proof Suppose that fH( β 1 , λ 1 ). Then

( z f ( z ) f ( z ) + β 1 z 2 f ( z ) f ( z ) ) < λ 1 [ β 1 ( λ 1 + 1 2 ) 1 ] + β 1 2 (zU).
(3.31)

Since β 1 β 2 1 and 1/2 λ 1 λ 2 <1, we find that

λ 1 [ β 1 ( λ 1 + 1 2 ) 1 ] + β 1 2 λ 2 [ β 1 ( λ 2 + 1 2 ) 1 ] + β 1 2 .
(3.32)

It follows from (3.31) and (3.32) that

( z f ( z ) f ( z ) + β 1 z 2 f ( z ) f ( z ) ) < λ 2 [ β 1 ( λ 2 + 1 2 ) 1 ] + β 1 2 (zU),
(3.33)

which shows that fH( β 1 , λ 2 ), and subsequently, we see that fM S ( λ 2 ), that is,

( z f ( z ) f ( z ) ) < λ 2 (zU).
(3.34)

Now, by setting

μ= β 2 β 1 ,

so that

0<μ1,

we easily find from (3.33) and (3.34) that

( z f ( z ) f ( z ) + β 2 z 2 f ( z ) f ( z ) λ 2 [ β 2 ( λ 2 + 1 2 ) 1 ] β 2 2 ) = μ ( z f ( z ) f ( z ) + β 1 z 2 f ( z ) f ( z ) λ 2 [ β 1 ( λ 2 + 1 2 ) 1 ] β 1 2 ) + ( 1 μ ) ( z f ( z ) f ( z ) + λ 2 ) < 0 ( z U ) ,

that is,

fH( β 2 , λ 2 ).

Therefore, the assertion (3.30) of Theorem 3.5 holds true. □

From Theorem 3.5 and the definition of the function class H + (β,λ), we easily get the following inclusion relationship.

Corollary 3.6 Let

β 1 β 2 1and 1 2 λ 1 λ 2 <1.

Then

H + ( β 1 , λ 1 ) H + ( β 2 , λ 2 ) MS ( λ 2 ).

By virtue of Lemma 2.4, we obtain the following result.

Corollary 3.7 Let f H + (β,λ). Suppose also that γ is defined by (2.8) and the condition (2.6) holds true. Then

a k 1 γ 2 β k + β k ( k 1 ) + γ .

Each of these inequalities is sharp, with the extremal function given by

f k (z)= 1 z 1 γ 2 β k + β k ( k 1 ) + γ z k .

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Acknowledgements

The present investigation was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation under Grant nos. 11301008, 11226088, 11301041 and 11101053, the Foundation for Excellent Youth Teachers of Colleges and Universities of Henan Province under Grant no. 2013GGJS-146, and the Natural Science Foundation of Educational Committee of Henan Province under Grant no. 14B110012 of the People’s Republic of China. The authors would like to thank the referees for their valuable comments and suggestions, which essentially improved the quality of this paper.

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Correspondence to Zhi-Gang Wang.

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Wang, ZG., Srivastava, H. & Yuan, SM. Some basic properties of certain subclasses of meromorphically starlike functions. J Inequal Appl 2014, 29 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1186/1029-242X-2014-29

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