Skip to main content

Unimodular Fourier multipliers with a time parameter on modulation spaces

Abstract

In this paper, we mainly study the boundedness of unimodular Fourier multipliers with a time parameter e i t p ( ξ ) on the modulation spaces where p(ξ) is a differentiable real-valued function, namely we estimate e i t p ( ξ ) under the multiplier norm, denoted by M s , p . The sharpness of s and the regularity lost are also discussed when the multiplier acts on functions in modulation spaces. Meanwhile the lower bound of the multiplier is shown. Finally, we present a discussion of the relationship between the main result and well-posedness results for nonlinear PDEs already existing in the literature.

MSC:42B15, 42B35, 42C15.

1 Introduction

The modulation spaces have been well known as the ‘right’ spaces in time-frequency analysis. Refer to [112]. Recently Hardy type modulation spaces have been proposed in [13]. In this paper, we discuss these spaces in a brief manner, and then study the Fourier multipliers on them.

1.1 Modulation spaces

In this subsection we will introduce modulation spaces and Wiener spaces briefly. We adopt the definitions and notation in [11] mainly.

Denote the frequency-uniform decomposition operators

k f= F 1 ( ψ k Ff),k Z n ,

where ψ k (ξ)=ψ(ξk) constitute a so-called unity partition with good properties, and ψ is a bump-like function. M p , q s is a subspace of the distribution space S with the norm

f M p , q s := ( k k s q k f p q ) 1 p ,
(1)

where x=1+|x|. Strictly speaking, only when 1p,q, (1) becomes a norm. If s=0, we simply write M p , q instead of M p , q 0 .

The modulation spaces can be regarded as an example of the Wiener amalgam spaces [1, 14, 15]. Now we fix the definition of the class of spaces in the present paper.

Definition 1.1 Given ψS as in the modulation spaces, a function Banach space X and a sequence Banach space Y, the space W(X,Y) consists of all distributions u S (u X loc precisely) for which

u W ( X , Y ) := { ψ k u X } Y <.

Another class of spaces mentioned in the paper is

FX:={FffX} whose norm is  f F X := F f X ,

where X is L p or any other known space for which Ff, fX, makes sense. Actually, M p , q s =FW(F L p , s , q ), where s , q is the q-summable sequence with the weight k s . Moreover, Hardy type modulation spaces μ p , q s =FW(F H p , s , q ), 0<p1 are introduced in [16] where H p is the Hardy space.

1.2 Fourier multipliers on modulation spaces

In this section, we review the previous work about Fourier multipliers on modulation spaces. Then we introduce the main contribution of the present paper.

The Fourier multipliers m(ξ) as an operator are defined in [14, 1719] with

T m f(x):= R n m(ξ)Ff(ξ) e 2 π i x ξ dξ,

where 2π is unessential and the Fourier transform is normalised to be

f ˆ =Ff:= R n f(x) e 2 π i x ξ dx.

The set of the Fourier multipliers from the function space X to Y is denoted with M(X,Y) as a subspace of the bounded linear operator space L(X,Y) and T:m T m =m(D) is the embedding mapping. Fourier multipliers and the corresponding operators are seldom distinct. Notice M p , q =M( L p , L q ) and denote M p = M p , p , 1pq [2022].

The Fourier multipliers discussed in this paper generally do not preserve most of the Lebesgue spaces or even the Besov spaces (see [18, 23]). This is the motivation to study the boundedness properties on other function spaces. The Fourier multipliers for the modulation spaces have been developed in many papers [14, 17, 2426] where the so-called unimodular Fourier multipliers were studied and applied into PDEs. One of the most famous examples is e i | ξ | 2 M( M p , q s ) as occurs in the Schrödinger equation.

Let us recall the main results relating with our study. Reference [14] (Theorem 1 as its main result) proved that e i | ξ | α M( M p , q s ), α[0,2]. Moreover, we have the following estimate of e i t | ξ | 2 under the norm M( M p , q s ) (see Corollary 5 in [14] and also [24, 27]):

u ( t ) M p , q t n 2 f M p , q ,u(t)= e i t | D | 2 f.

The case α>2 is well discussed in [25] where | ξ | α has been replaced with a real-valued homogeneous function of degree α.

Furthermore, [17] (Theorem 1 and Theorem 2) gave the following estimate:

e i t | D | α f M p , q s t n | 1 2 1 p | f M p , q s , 1 2 <α2.

However, when α>2, the multiplier loses a regularity γ=(α2)n| 1 2 1 p |, precisely

e i t | D | α f M p , q s γ t n | 1 2 1 p | f M p , q s ,α>2,

while the sharpness of the regularity lost is discussed in [25]. [13, 16] studied the Hardy type modulation spaces and have shown a similar estimate, namely

e i t | D | α f μ p , q s γ t n | 1 2 1 p | f μ p , q s ,

where γ=n(α2)| 1 2 1 p |.

The purpose of the paper is to study the unimodular multipliers with a time parameter m(ξ,t)= e i t p ( ξ ) and to estimate

C(t)= e i t p ( ξ ) M ( M p , q , M p , q s ) ,

where p(ξ) is a real-valued function satisfying the Mihilin type condition

| γ p ( ξ ) | | ξ | α | γ | ,

where α is extended to (0,+) and 0<δ<N for large N.

Denote M s , p =M( M p , q , M p , q s ) where s represents the regularity that the multiplier gains (or loses when s<0). The main result of this paper can be stated in the following form. It indeed contains most results of the previous work.

Theorem 1.1 If the real-valued function p(ξ) mentioned above satisfies | γ p(ξ)| | ξ | α | γ | , then

C(t)= e i t p ( ξ ) M s , p t ( n + 2 η ) | 1 2 1 p | ,

where s={ 0 , 0 < α 2 , ( 2 α ) n | 1 2 1 p | , α > 2 and 0η1 will be determined in Section  3 when α is small. (It was shown that η=0 when α> 1 2 .)

It will be restated in Theorem 4.2 in more precise form. In Theorem 3.1 we estimate the lower bound that the η can reach. Furthermore, we will discuss the sharpness of s in Section 4.2, namely the maximum value for s is (2α)n| 1 2 1 p | such that e i t p ( ξ ) M s , p is controlled by C(t).

Simply stated, we will do three things mainly in the paper:

  1. (i)

    refine η so that e i t p ( ξ ) M s , p t ( n + 2 η ) | 1 2 1 p | when α is small,

  2. (ii)

    discuss the sharpness of s with a lemma,

  3. (iii)

    show the lower bound of e i t p ( ξ ) M s , p .

Feature (i) is the main contribution of the paper. We obtain the smallest value of η among the related research. As far as this author knows, (iii) is seldom discussed in the previous works. Meanwhile, we propose a generic process that is different from previous papers, and which allows us to handle the estimate of the unimodular multipliers (to be compared with [16, 17]).

1.3 Notations and organisation

Throughout this paper, A(x)B(x) means that there exists a positive constant C such that A(x)CB(x) for all x in an abstract space where A, B are two non-negative functions in the space, while A(x)B(x) is used to denote A(x)B(x)A(x). x1 means that x0 is less than a small number. k Z n ( sup k Z n ) will be simply written as k ( sup k ), if there is no ambiguity. L p ( R n ) is shortened as L p , if n is arbitrary and kept uniform. Notice that p1 throughout this paper. Finally, we define | D δ f|= | γ | = δ | γ f|. In fact, D δ f{ γ f,|γ|=δ} is regarded as a vector. H ˙ s , p denotes the homogeneous Sobolev space, and H ˙ s = H ˙ s , 2 .

This paper is organised as follows. In Section 2, we mainly discuss the representation of the Fourier multipliers on the modulation spaces. In Section 3, we refine the bound of the part near 0 of the multipliers as the main contribution of the paper. In Section 4, we study the boundedness of the unimodular Fourier multipliers by oscillatory integral theory (Lemma 4.1). We also give the sharpness argument as regards the regularity lost by the multipliers and prove the lower bound. The result in the previous section is applied to the local well-posedness of the dispersive equations in Section 5.

2 Representation of Fourier multipliers

In this section, we will discuss the representation of Fourier multipliers that is the fundamental step for the estimate and shown in (4) and (5). Several well-known lemmata are listed as follows which will be used in the sequel.

Lemma 2.1 (Sobolev embedding [28])

H s L p , 1 p = 1 2 s n , s n < 1 2 .

Lemma 2.2 (Bernstein theorem [11])

Let L> n 2 be an integer, then

f F L 1 f L 2 1 n 2 L f H ˙ L n 2 L .

By checking the proof Proposition 1.11 in [11], for any t>0 we have

f F L 1 | x | < t | F f | d x + | x | > t | F f | d x t n 2 F f L 2 + | x | > t | | x | L F ( D L f ) | d x t n 2 f L 2 + t n r L D L f F L r t n 2 f L 2 + t n r L D L f L r ,
(2)

where L> n r , 1r2 is an integer. From the Sobolev embedding theorem,

f F L 1 t n 2 f L 2 + t n r L | ξ | s D L f L 2 ,
(3)

where 1 r = 1 2 s n (or s= n 2 n r ), 0s< n 2 .

By (2), it follows a generalised version of Bernstein’s theorem that will be used in Remark 3.2.

Lemma 2.3 Let L> n 2 be an integer, then

f F L 1 f L r 1 n r L f H ˙ L , r n r L ,

where 1r2, rL>n.

Lemma 2.4 F L 1 M p , for all 1p. More precisely

( F L 1 , L ) θ M p ,θ=2 | 1 2 1 p | .

Lemma 2.5 (Nikol’skij-Triebel’s inequality [11, 22])

If 0<pq, f L p whose Fourier transform is supported in a compact subset Ω of R n , then k f q f p uniformly for k Z n .

Now we assume that the multiplier m is bounded from M p 1 , q 1 s 1 to M p 2 , q 2 s 2 , p 1 p 2 , namely

( k k s 2 q 2 F 1 ( ψ k m F f ) p 2 q 2 ) 1 q 2 ( k k s 1 q 1 F 1 ( ψ k F f ) p 1 q 1 ) 1 q 1 .

If f L p 1 , supp f ˆ Ω where Ω is a compact subset of R n then

Λ Ω = { k Z n | Ω supp ψ k }

has finitely many elements and

f= k Λ Ω F 1 ( ψ k Ff),

and from Nikol’skij-Triebel’s inequality,

k s 2 F 1 ( ψ k m F f ) p 2 k Λ Ω k s 1 F 1 ( ψ k F f ) p 1 k Λ Ω k s 1 f p 1 .

Then we have

F 1 ( m F f ) p 2 k Λ Ω F 1 ( ψ k m F f ) p 2 k 1 , k 2 Λ Ω k 2 s 2 k 1 s 1 f p 1 ξ s 1 s 2 f p 1 ,

where ξΩ.

Replacing f with F 1 ( ψ k Ff), we have

F 1 ( ψ k m F f ) p 2 k s 1 s 2 f p 1 ,

which implies a representation of the multipliers on the modulation spaces,

M ( M p 1 , q 1 s 1 , M p 2 , q 2 s 2 ) =W ( M p 1 , p 2 , s 2 s 1 , + ) ,1 p 1 p 2 , q 1 q 2 .
(4)

By this fact, we only need to study M( M p 1 , q , M p 2 , q s ), but in this paper we are only interested in the following class of multipliers.

Lemma 2.6 (also see [25])

For 1p,

M ( M p , q , M p , q s ) =W ( M p , s , + ) .
(5)

Denote M s , p =M( M p , q , M p , q s ) for short. When s=0, it is written as M p . The representation of multipliers on modulation spaces leads us to Hormander’s multipliers.

Remark 2.1 When p 1 p 2 <1, one only has

W ( M p 1 , p 2 , s 2 s 1 , + ) M ( M p 1 , q 1 s 1 , M p 2 , q 2 s 2 ) ,
(6)

where M p 1 , p 2 ={m S m ( D ) f L p 2 C(R) f L p 1 ,R< is the size of the support of  f ˆ }. One has to apply (6) in extending the results to Hardy type spaces.

Our proof is based on the previous work, especially [14, 17, 25]. By Lemma 2.4, Lemma 2.6 and the interpolation theory, we have

m M s , p sup k { k s ψ k m F L 1 2 | 1 p 1 2 | } .
(7)

It remains to calculate ψ k m F L 1 for the estimate of m M s , p , while the Bernstein theorem suggests calculating ψ k m H ˙ L . Thus the primary task is to calculate γ ψ(ξ) e i t p ( ξ ) .

It is easy to see that

γ e i t p ( ξ ) = e i t p ( ξ ) m | γ | t m i β i = γ C β 1 β m β 1 p β m p,

which is a polynomial about t multiplied by e i t p ( ξ ) with functional coefficients; then

γ ϕ(ξ) e i t p ( ξ ) = e i t p ( ξ ) m | γ | t m i β i γ | β i | > 0 ϕ β 1 β m β 1 p β m p,
(8)

where ϕ, ϕ β 1 β m S. Equation (8) yields

| D L ϕ ( ξ ) e i t p ( ξ ) | m L | t | m m | i β i | L | β i | > 0 | β 1 p β m p | ,
(9)

where ϕS. Equations (9) and (8) will be applied in estimating the multipliers. With the assumption γ p(ξ) | ξ | α | γ | , |γ|>0, it follows from (9) that

| D L ϕ ( ξ ) e i t p ( ξ ) | t L | ξ | α L .

This implies the basic thought of the paper (see Lemma 3.1 and Remark 3.2).

3 Near the origin

We shall show the estimates of ψ k m F L 1 by distinguishing between the cases when k near the origin and k near infinity. In this section, we focus on the former.

The following lemma generalises Lemma 9 in [17] as the main contribution of the paper. It shows a more precise upper bound.

Lemma 3.1 If p C L ( R n {0}), L=[ n 2 ]+1, | γ p(ξ)| | ξ | α | γ | for 0<|γ|L and ϕ C 0 , then

ϕ ( ξ ) e i t p ( ξ ) F L 1 { t n 2 , α > 1 n + 1 , 2 n  or  α > 2 n + 2 , 2 n , t n 2 + η , otherwise ,

where η[0,1) is selected corresponding to α.

L is assumed to be large, but we will see that L can be chosen as small as [ n 2 ]+1.

Proof As in [17], from (9) we get

| D L ϕ ( ξ ) e i t p ( ξ ) | t L | ξ | α L ϕ ˜ (ξ).
(10)

Consider the following two cases.

Case 1: α>1 or α> 1 2 when n is odd. With Lemma 2.2 and (10), it follows that

C(t):= ϕ ( ξ ) e i t p ( ξ ) F L 1 t n 2 | ξ | α L ϕ ˜ ( ξ ) 2 n 2 L ,

where ϕ ˜ C C . Take L=[ n 2 ]+1. whenever α>1 or α> 1 2 if n is odd, Lα< n 2 , so | ξ | α L ϕ ˜ (ξ) must be square integrable.

Case 2: α1. Decompose (8) as a polynomial into

{ H : = e i t p ( ξ ) t L P ( ξ ) , the leading term , R : = e i t p ( ξ ) m < L t m P m ( ξ ) , the lower terms .

We have γ ψ(ξ) e i t p ( ξ ) =R+H, and near 0

|H| t L | ξ | L ( α 1 ) ,|R| t L 1 | ξ | α L .
(11)

Unlike [16], we go back to the second step of (2). For any t ¯ >0 we have

C ( t ) t ¯ n 2 + | x | > t ¯ | | x | L F R | d x + | x | > t ¯ | | x | L F H | d x t ¯ n 2 + t ¯ n r 1 L | ξ | s 1 R L 2 + t ¯ n r 2 L | ξ | s 2 H L 2 t ¯ n 2 + I 1 + I 2 .
(12)

Take t ¯ =t. For the lower terms, we have

I 1 t n r 1 1 | ξ | α L + s 1 ϕ ˜ ( ξ ) 2 .

To make it finite, we have to find 1< r 1 2 and an integer L> n r 1 satisfying

{ 1 r 1 = 1 2 s 1 n , 0 s 1 < n 2 , L α s 1 < n 2 .
(13)

For the leading term, we have

I 2 t n r 2 | ξ | L ( α 1 ) + s 2 ϕ ˜ ( ξ ) 2 .

As above, we have to find 1< r 2 2 and L> n r 2 so that

{ 1 r 2 = 1 2 s 2 n , 0 s 2 < n 2 , L ( 1 α ) s 2 < n 2 .
(14)

Equations (13) and (14) are equivalent to

{ L α < n r 1 , L ( 1 α ) < n r 2 , L Z > n r 1 , n r 2 , n 2 n r 1 , n r 2 < n ,
(15)

where n r 1 , n r 2 are both regarded as two variables. The mission is to find a solution (L, n r 1 , n r 2 ) to (15) such that n r 1 , n r 2 are small enough, and then

C(t) t max { n r 1 1 , n r 2 } .

Obviously, if n is odd and α> 1 n + 1 , then (L, n r 1 , n r 2 )=([ n 2 ]+1,[ n 2 ]+1, n 2 ) is a solution, while if n is even and α> 2 n + 2 , then (L, n r 1 , n r 2 )=([ n 2 ]+1,[ n 2 ]+1, n 2 ) is a solution. Now we try to find a solution on n r 1 = n r 2 . Since L(1α)Lα, it is only need to consider (13) that is equivalent to 1{ n r 1 }<α. It is easy to see that there exists n 2 n r 1 <[ n 2 ]+1 satisfying the inequality, since 1{ n r 1 } runs through (0, 1 2 ) at least whenever n is odd or even. This implies the following result:

C(t){ t n 2 , α > 1 n + 1 , 2 n  or  α > 2 n + 2 , 2 n , t n 2 + η , otherwise ,
(16)

where

η={ 1 2 α + , 2 n 1 α + , 2 n .

As a result, n r 1 , n r 2 can be restrained on n 2 n r 2 n r 1 <[ n 2 ]+1 and

L= [ n 2 ] +1.

As is illustrated by Figure 1, in domain I, (15) is reduced to (13), while in domain II, it is reduced to

{ L ( 1 α ) < n r 2 , L Z > n r 1 , n 2 n r 1 , n r 2 < n ,
(17)

which implies n r 2 >(1α)([ n r 1 ]+1).

Figure 1
figure 1

To find the optimistic η . Two solid lines are y=x and y=(1α)(x+α), respectively, whose intersection point is (1α,1α). Note x 0 <[ n 2 ]+1α. As is shown, we only need consider the grey domain.

Noticing that I 1 t n 2 , we will only focus on I 2 , i.e. r 2 . Figure 1 shows that the point A([ n 2 ]+1α,(1α)([ n 2 ]+1)) is the optimal one. Now (16) can be modified as

C(t){ t n 2 , α > 1 n + 1 , 2 n  or  α > 2 n + 2 , 2 n  (esp.  α > 1 2 ) , t n 2 + η , otherwise ,

where

η={ 1 2 n + 1 2 α + , 2 n , 1 n + 2 2 α + , 2 n ,
(18)

which is determined by the coordinates of point A. □

Remark 3.1 If we take t ¯ = t β where n 2 β=β( n r 2 L)+L, β>1, then η= n 2 (β1) can be smaller. Thus one can see

η={ 1 2 n + 1 2 α , 2 n , 1 n + 2 2 α , 2 n .

Remark 3.2 We introduce another approach which is easier but less accurate. Applying Lemma 2.3, we have

ϕ ( ξ ) e i t p ( ξ ) F L 1 t n r | ξ | α L ϕ ˜ ( ξ ) r n r L ,

where 1r2, rL>n, ϕ ˜ C C . To ensure | ξ | α L ϕ ˜ (ξ) L r , we choose 1r2 satisfying

{ r ( L α ) < n , L = [ n r ] + 1 , namely α>1 { n r } .

Obviously there exists such r and a real number η:= n r n 2 > 1 2 α. Then

ϕ ( ξ ) e i t p ( ξ ) F L 1 t n 2 + η ,0η<1.

We still have η=0 when α>1{ n 2 } as (16).

Remark 3.3 The inequality (9) is the key to the proof. Actually, given any multiplier γ m(ξ,t)=H+R, m(ξ,t) L t L loc , ξ 2 satisfying

|H| t | γ | | ξ | | γ | ( α 1 ) ,|R| t | γ | 1 | ξ | α | γ | ,ξ is near 0,α>0
(19)

which yields | D L m(ξ,t)| t L | ξ | α L , and we have the same result.

Remark 3.4 A simple example is p(ξ)= | ξ | α (or ξ α ). It occurs in the wave equation (α=1) or the Schrödinger equation (α=2).

4 Near infinity

In this section we come to the infinite case with oscillatory integrals. The sharpness and the lower bound will be discussed in the second subsection.

4.1 Oscillatory integrals

By Lemma 2 in [25] (also see [14]), we have

ψ k ( ξ ) e i t | ξ | 2 F L 1 = ψ ( ξ ) e i t | ξ | 2 F L 1 .

Thus we can state the classical result here that

e i t | ξ | 2 M p t n | 1 2 1 p | .

This technique makes a linear alteration of the phase without affecting the norm. More generally,

ψ k ( ξ ) e i t p ( ξ ) F L 1 = ψ ( ξ ) e i t q k ( ξ ) F L 1 ,
(20)

where q k (ξ):=p(ξ+k)p(k)p(k)ξ and we have (see Lemma 3.3 in [25] and Lemma 2 in [14])

| γ q k ( ξ ) | | k | α 2 ,ξsuppψ.
(21)

Equations (21) and (9) imply that for large k and α>1

ψ k ( ξ ) e i t p ( ξ ) F L 1 t n 2 | k | L ( α 2 ) ψ ˜ ( ξ ) 2 n 2 L t n 2 | k | n 2 ( α 2 ) ,
(22)

where ψ ˜ C 0 has the same support as ψ. Therefore, we have the following results.

Theorem 4.1 If 0<α2 with the assumption of Lemma  3.1, then

e i t p ( ξ ) M p t ( n + 2 η ) | 1 2 1 p | .

Proof It is true when 0<α1 obviously (consider (11) at infinity), while with (22) it holds in the case 1<α2. □

Now it is sufficient to consider the case α>2, for Theorem 4.1. Denote

J k (x)= F 1 ( ψ k e i t p ( ξ ) ) R n e i Φ ( ξ , x , t , k ) ψ(ξ)dξ,
(23)

where Φ(ξ,x,t,k)=tp(ξ+k)+xξ and the implicative constant is unessential. Then ψ k ( ξ ) e i t p ( ξ ) F L 1 = J k L 1 .

We need the following lemma, which is due to Littman [29, 30] but has been refined.

Lemma 4.1 Let ψ C C be supported in Ω. If p C and its Hessian matrix Hp is nonsingular in Ω, then there exists a large a such that

R n e i Φ ( ξ , x ) ψ(ξ)dξ det H p 1 2 ( 1 + | x | p ) a ,

where Φ(ξ,x)=p(ξ)+xξ.

One also can get it with oscillatory integrals [31] considering the two cases |x||p| and |x||p| separatively. Strictly speaking, it should be ensured that detHpp for the inequality holds, and it indeed does in this context.

Φ k (ξ,x,t)=t q k (ξ)+xξ does not have any critical point out of the domain |x|t | k | α 2 where q k (ξ):=p(ξ+k)p(k)p(k)ξ defined as (20). With the classical argument of oscillatory integrals (see [31]) and replacing p with t q k in Lemma 4.1, we have for |k|1

e i t p ( ξ ) ψ k ( ξ ) F L 1 = e i t q k ( ξ ) ψ ( ξ ) F L 1 | x | t | k | α 2 d x | R n e i Φ k ( ξ , x , t ) ψ ( ξ ) d ξ | t n 2 | k | n 2 ( α 2 ) ,
(24)

where p satisfies, additionally to the assumptions of Lemma 3.1, | D 2 p(ξ)| | ξ | α 2 , and the Hessian matrix Hp is nonsingular on R n {0}. The last assumption yields

| det H q k ( ξ ) | | D 2 q k ( ξ ) | | q k ( ξ ) | | k | α 2 ,|ξ||k|.

We have the following.

Theorem 4.2 If p(ξ) from Lemma  3.1 satisfies | D 2 p(ξ)| | ξ | α 2 and the Hessian matrix Hp is nonsingular on R n {0}, then

e i t p ( ξ ) M s , p t ( n + 2 η ) | 1 2 1 p | ,

where s={ 0 , 0 < α 2 , ( 2 α ) n | 1 2 1 p | , α > 2 , and η is the same as in Lemma  3.1.

Proof The discussion above shows that for large k

ψ k e i t p ( ξ ) M p t n | 1 2 1 p | | k | s .

Then we combine this estimate with Lemma 3.1 to complete the proof. □

Remark 4.1 An example for such p(ξ) C L ( R n {0}) is the homogeneous function of degree α.

4.2 Sharpness and lower bound

The multiplier will lose a regularity s=(2α)n| 1 2 1 p | when α>2 in Theorem 4.2. To show an easy proof of the sharpness, we employ a lemma implicit in [25] as the key of the argument. In particular, we only need to estimate the upper bound of F L to get the lower bound of F L 1 .

Lemma 4.2

ψ k m F L 1 ψ k m F L C(ψ)>0,

where m is any Fourier multiplier whose inverse is m 1 (ξ,t)= m ( ξ , t ) ¯ .

Proof Notice that F L 1 M p , F L M p , p , 1p<2. With the interpolation theorems, we have

ψ k m F L 1 ψ k m F L ψ k m 1 M p , p 1 θ ψ k m M p , p 1 θ ψ k 2 M p , p 1 θ = C ( ψ ) ,

where θ=2( 1 p 1 2 ), 1p<2 and C(ψ) does not depend on k or t. □

On the other hand,

ψ k e i t p ( ξ ) F L | t | n 2 | k | n 2 ( 2 α )
(25)

for Lemma 4.1. We obtain

ψ k e i t p ( ξ ) F L 1 t n 2 | k | n 2 ( α 2 ) ,
(26)

where p(ξ) is a function as in Theorem 4.2. Equation (26) implies the sharpness of s in the case α>2. Replacing F L 1 with M p in Lemma 4.2, we get the lower bound

ψ k e i t p ( ξ ) M p ( t n | k | n ( α 2 ) ) | 1 2 1 p | ,

which yields

e i t p ( ξ ) M s , p t n | 1 2 1 p | .
(27)

When α=2, we have e i t p ( ξ ) M p t n | 1 2 1 p | . However, (27) will not be applied to the Cauchy problem.

Remark 4.2 Reference [25] provided an alternative method for the sharpness argument. It can be summarised in the following steps:

  1. (i)

    establish the identity m(D) U λ = U λ m(λD) or m(λD)= U 1 λ m(D) U λ ,

  2. (ii)

    calculate m(λD) λ s with the identity for s >0,

  3. (iii)

    estimate m(λD) λ s with oscillatory integrals,

where U λ f(x)=f(λx). Combining the results listed above, we conclude s s . Notice that the dilation properties of modulation spaces are employed in the step (ii). Generally, it is advocated to find a one-parameter group ρ(λ) acting on multipliers so that

λ s ( ρ ( λ ) m ) ( D ) λ s .

Remark 4.3 (25) is also the key to get the Strichartz estimates since F L M p , p .

5 Application to Cauchy problem

Theorem 4.2 provides the time-space estimate [32] for the linear dispersive equations, namely

u ( t ) M p , q s C(t) u 0 M p , q ,

where u(t)= e i t p ( D ) u 0 and C(t) is estimated by Theorem 4.2. When s=0, { e i t p ( D ) } forms a C 0 semigroup named the dispersive semigroup.

Now we consider the Cauchy problem for the nonlinear dispersive equation,

{ i t u p ( D ) u + F ( u ) = 0 , u ( 0 , x ) = u 0 ( x ) ,
(28)

where the complex variable function F(u)=λ | u | 2 k u. If the initial condition is u( t 0 ,x)= u 0 (x), we have u(t,x)=v(t t 0 ,x) where v is the solution to (28). The Cauchy problem can be written in an equivalent integral form,

u(t)= e i t p ( D ) u 0 i 0 t e i ( t τ ) p ( D ) F ( u ( τ ) ) dτ.

In this section, we shall apply the estimate of the multipliers into the local well-posedness of the equation on the modulation spaces. Define two operators on X=C([0,T], M p , 1 s ):

T u : = e i t p ( D ) u 0 i 0 t e i ( t τ ) p ( D ) F ( u ( τ ) ) d τ , A u : = 0 t e i ( t τ ) p ( D ) F ( u ( τ ) ) d τ .

Assuming α2, we immediately have

T u X C ( T ) ( u 0 M p , 1 s + T F ( u ) X ) , T u T v X C ( T ) T F ( u ) F ( v ) X ,

where C(t) e i t p ( ξ ) M p . Restrained to the ball B R ={ u X R},

{ T u X C ( T ) ( u 0 M p , 1 s + T R 2 k + 1 ) , T u T v X C ( T ) T R 2 k u v X .
(29)

With (29), we obtain a quantitative form of the local well-posedness for (28) (see [17]).

Corollary 5.1 Assume p is the same as in Theorem  4.2 and 0<α2. If

u 0 M p , 1 s C T ( n + 2 η ) | 1 2 1 p | ( 1 + 1 2 k ) 1 2 k ,
(30)

then (28) has a unique solution uC([0,T], M p , 1 s ) where the constant C depends on k and n.

Proof For (29), is a contraction mapping on B R , if R satisfies

{ C ( T ) ( u 0 M p , 1 s + T R 2 k + 1 ) R , C ( T ) T R 2 k 1 2 .

Now (30) suffices for the previous two inequalities to hold. □

Remark 5.1 The assumption α2 is indispensable for Theorem 4.2 (see [25]). F(u) can be chosen as e ρ | u | 2 k u. Then R 2 k will be replaced with e ρ R 2 k in (29). The key point is that F has Lipschitz type property. Note that η=0 when α> 1 2 as is shown in the literature.

Remark 5.2 The results can be generalised to α-modulation spaces analogically where one should consider the so-called α-covering rather than the uniform decomposition. See [33] for the basic concepts.

Remark 5.3 Our method can also be applied in the estimate of the multipliers on Hardy type modulation spaces where we shall use F L p , 0<p<1 rather than F L 1 . First of all, one should return to Remark 2.1, then use Nikol’skij-Triebel’s inequality (see Lemma 14 in [16]), say F L p M p , p . Then one employs the following Bernstein type theorem: if integer L>n( 1 p + 1 r 1), then

f F L p f L q 1 θ f H ˙ L , r θ ,

where θ= n ( 1 / p + 1 / q 1 ) L + n ( 1 / q 1 / r ) , 1 2 (1 1 p ) 1 r , 1 q 1. In the particular case when q=r,

f F L 1 f L r 1 n L ( 1 p + 1 r 1 ) f H ˙ L , r n L r , 1 2 ( 1 1 p ) 1 r , 1 q 1.

Once again, it leads to the partial derivatives of multipliers.

References

  1. Cordero E, Nicola F: Sharpness of some properties of Wiener amalgam and modulation spaces. Bull. Aust. Math. Soc. 2009, 80: 105-116.

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  2. Feichtinger, HG: Modulation spaces on locally compact Abelian group. Technical Report. University of Vienna, Vienna (1983). Also in Wavelets and Their Applications, pp. 99-140. Allied Publishers (2003)

  3. Feichtinger HG: Modulation spaces: looking back and ahead. Sampl. Theory Signal Image Process., Int. J. 2006, 5: 109-140.

    MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  4. Kobayashi M:Modulation spaces M p , q for 0<p,q. J. Funct. Spaces Appl. 2006,4(3):329-341.

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  5. Kobayashi M: Dual of modulation spaces. J. Funct. Spaces Appl. 2007,5(1):1-8.

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  6. Kobayashi M, Sugimoto M: The inclusion relation between Sobolev and modulation spaces. J. Funct. Anal. 2011, 260: 3189-3208.

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  7. Okoudjou KA: Embeddings of some classical Banach spaces into modulation spaces. Proc. Am. Math. Soc. 2004,132(6):1639-1647.

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  8. Sugimoto M, Tomita N: The dilation property of modulation spaces and their inclusion relation with Besov spaces. J. Funct. Anal. 2007, 248: 79-106.

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  9. Tomita N: On the Hörmander multiplier theorem and modulation spaces. Appl. Comput. Harmon. Anal. 2009, 26: 408-415.

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  10. Triebel H: Modulation spaces on the Euclidean n -space. Z. Anal. Anwend. 1983,2(5):443-457.

    MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  11. Wang BX, Huo ZH, Hao CC, Guo ZH: Harmonic Analysis Method for Nonlinear Evolution Equations. World Scientific, Singapore; 2011.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  12. Gröchenig K: Foundations of Time-Frequency Analysis. Birkhäuser, Boston; 2001.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  13. Chen JC, Zhong Y: Modulation space estimates for the fractional integral operators. Sci. China Math. 2011,54(7):1478-1489.

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  14. Bényi A, Grochenig K, Okoudjou KA, Rogers LG: Unimodular Fourier multipliers for modulation spaces. J. Funct. Anal. 2007, 246: 366-384.

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  15. Feichtinger HG: Generalized amalgams, with applications to Fourier transform. Can. J. Math. 1990, 42: 395-409.

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  16. Chen, JC, Fan, DS, Sun, LJ, Zhang, CJ: Estimates for unimodular multipliers on modulation Hardy spaces. J. Funct. Spaces Appl. (2013, in press)

  17. Chen JC, Fan DS, Sun LJ: Asymptotic estimates for unimodular Fourier multipliers on modulation spaces. Discrete Contin. Dyn. Syst. 2012,32(2):467-485.

    MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  18. Mizuhara T: On Fourier multipliers of homogeneous Besov spaces. Math. Nachr. 1994, 133: 155-161.

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  19. Hirschman II: On multiplier transformations. Duke Math. J. 1959, 26: 211-242.

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  20. Maz’ya V, Shaposhnikova TO: Theory of Sobolev Multipliers: With Applications to Differential and Integral Operators. Springer, Berlin; 2011.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Grafakos L: Classic and Modern Fourier Analysis. Prentice Hall, New York; 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Triebel H: Theory of Function Spaces. Birkhäuser, Basel; 1983.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  23. Hörmander L:Estimates for translation invariant operators in L p -spaces. Ann. Math. 1960, 104: 93-140.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Bényi A, Okoudjou KA: Local well-posedness of nonlinear dispersive equations on modulation spaces. Bull. Lond. Math. Soc. 2009, 41: 549-558.

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  25. Miyachi A, Nicola F, Rivetti S, Tabacco A, Tomita N: Estimates for unimodular Fourier multipliers on modulation space. Proc. Am. Math. Soc. 2009, 137: 3869-3883.

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  26. Feichtinger HG, Narimani G: Fourier multipliers of classical modulation spaces. Appl. Comput. Harmon. Anal. 2006,21(3):349-359.

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  27. Wang B, Zhao L, Boling G:Isomeric decomposition operators, function spaces E p , q λ and applications to nonlinear evolution equations. J. Funct. Anal. 2006,233(1):1-39.

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  28. Hörmander L 3. In The Analysis of Linear Partial Differential Operators. Springer, Berlin; 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Domar Y:On the spectral synthesis problem for (n1)-dimensional of R n , n2. Ann. Math. 1971, 9: 23-37.

    MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  30. Littman W: Fourier transforms of surface-carried measures and differentiability of surface averages. Bull. Am. Math. Soc. 1963, 69: 766-770.

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  31. Stein EM: Harnonic Analysis. Princeton University Press, Princeton; 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Cordero E, Nicola F: Some new Strichartz estimates for the Schrödinger equation. J. Differ. Equ. 2008, 245: 1945-1974.

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  33. Borup L, Nielsen M: Boundedness for pseudodifferential operators on multivariate α -modulation space. Ark. Mat. 2006, 44: 241-259.

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This work is partially supported by NSF of China (Grant No. 11271330, 10931001) and NSFZJ of China (Grant No. Y604563). The author wishes to thank Professor Fan who checked the whole article.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Congwei Song.

Additional information

Competing interests

The author declares that they have no competing interests.

Authors’ original submitted files for images

Below are the links to the authors’ original submitted files for images.

Authors’ original file for figure 1

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Song, C. Unimodular Fourier multipliers with a time parameter on modulation spaces. J Inequal Appl 2014, 43 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1186/1029-242X-2014-43

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1029-242X-2014-43

Keywords