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Hermite-Hadamard type inequalities for n-times differentiable and preinvex functions

Abstract

In the paper, by creating an integral identity involving an n-times differentiable function, the authors establish some new Hermite-Hadamard type inequalities for preinvex functions and generalize some known results.

MSC:26D15, 26A51, 26B12, 41A55, 49J52.

1 Introduction

Throughout this paper, let R=(,) and denote the set of all positive integers.

Let us recall some definitions of various convex functions.

Definition 1 A function f:IRR is said to be convex if

f ( λ x + ( 1 λ ) y ) λf(x)+(1λ)f(y)
(1)

holds for all x,yI and λ[0,1]. If the inequality (1) reverses, then f is said to be concave on I.

Definition 2 [1]

A set S R n is said to be invex with respect to the map η:S×S R n , if y+tη(x,y)S for every x,yS and t[0,1].

It is obvious that every convex set is invex with respect to the map η(x,y)=xy, but there exist invex sets which are not convex. See [1], for example.

Definition 3 [1]

Let S R n be an invex set with respect to η:S×S R n . For every x,yS, the η-path P x v joining the points x and v=x+η(y,x) is defined by

P x v = { z | z = x + t η ( y , x ) , t [ 0 , 1 ] } .
(2)

Definition 4 [1]

Let S R n be an invex set with respect to η:S×S R n . A function f:SR is said to be preinvex with respect to η, if f(y+tη(x,y))tf(x)+(1t)f(y) for every x,yS and t[0,1].

Every convex function is preinvex with respect to the map η(x,y)=xy, but not conversely. For properties and applications of preinvex functions, please refer to [13] and closely related references therein.

The most important inequality in the theory of convex functions, the well-known Hermite-Hadamard’s integral inequality, may be stated as follows. If f is a convex function on [a,b], then

f ( a + b 2 ) 1 b a a b f(x)dx f ( a ) + f ( b ) 2 .
(3)

If f is concave on [a,b], then the inequality (3) is reversed.

The inequality (3) has been generalized by many mathematicians. Some of them may be recited as follows.

Theorem 1 [[4], Theorem 2.2]

Let f: I RR be a differentiable mapping on I and a,b I with a<b. If | f (x)| is convex on [a,b], then

| f ( a ) + f ( b ) 2 1 b a a b f(x)dx| ( b a ) [ | f ( a ) | + | f ( b ) | ] 8 .
(4)

Theorem 2 [[5], Theorem 1]

If f is differentiable on [a,b] such that | f (x) | q is a convex function on [a,b] for q1, then

| f ( a ) + f ( b ) 2 1 b a a b f(x)dx| b a 4 [ | f ( a ) | q + | f ( b ) | q 2 ] 1 / q .
(5)

Theorem 3 [[6], Theorem 2.3]

Let f:IR be differentiable on I , a,b I with a<b, and p>1. If | f (x) | p / ( p 1 ) is convex on [a,b], then

| f ( a + b 2 ) 1 b a a b f ( x ) d x | b a 16 ( 4 p + 1 ) 1 / p { [ | f ( a ) | p / ( p 1 ) + 3 | f ( b ) | p / ( p 1 ) ] 1 1 / p + [ 3 | f ( a ) | p / ( p 1 ) + | f ( b ) | p / ( p 1 ) ] 1 1 / p } .
(6)

Theorem 4 [[2], Theorem 2.1]

Let AR be an open invex set with respect to η:A×AR and f:AR be a differentiable function. If | f (x)| is preinvex on A, then for every a,bA with η(a,b)0

| f ( b ) + f ( b + η ( a , b ) ) 2 1 η ( a , b ) b b + η ( a , b ) f(x)dx| | η ( a , b ) | 8 [ | f ( a ) | + | f ( b ) | ] .
(7)

Theorem 5 [[2], Theorem 4.1]

Let AR be an open invex set with respect to η:A×AR and η(a,b)0 for all ab. Suppose that f:AR is a twice differentiable function on A. If | f (x)| is preinvex on A and f is integrable on the η-path P b c for c=b+η(a,b), then

| f ( b ) + f ( b + η ( a , b ) ) 2 1 η ( a , b ) b b + η ( a , b ) f(x)dx| [ η ( a , b ) ] 2 24 [ | f ( a ) | + | f ( b ) | ] .
(8)

Theorem 6 [[2], Theorem 4.3]

Let AR be an open invex set with respect to η:A×AR and η(a,b)0 for all ab. Suppose that f:AR is a twice differentiable function on A and | f (x)| is preinvex on A. If q>1 and f is integrable on the η-path P b c for c=b+η(a,b), then

| f ( b ) + f ( b + η ( a , b ) ) 2 1 η ( a , b ) b b + η ( a , b ) f ( x ) d x | [ η ( a , b ) ] 2 12 ( 1 2 ) 1 / q [ | f ( a ) | q + | f ( b ) | q ] 1 / q .
(9)

Recently, some related inequalities for preinvex functions were also obtained in [7, 8]. Some integral inequalities of Hermite-Hadamard type for other kinds of convex functions were also established in [916] and references cited therein.

In this paper, by creating an integral identity involving an n-times differentiable function, the authors will establish some new Hermite-Hadamard type inequalities for preinvex functions and generalize some of the above mentioned results.

2 A lemma

In order to obtain our main results, we need the following lemma.

Lemma 1 For nN, let AR be an open invex set with respect to η:A×AR and let a,bA with η(a,b)0 for all ab. If f:AR is an n-times differentiable function on A and f ( n ) is integrable on the η-path P b c for c=b+η(a,b), then

f ( b ) + f ( b + η ( a , b ) ) 2 1 η ( a , b ) b b + η ( a , b ) f ( x ) d x + k = 1 n 1 [ η ( a , b ) ] k ( 1 k ) 4 [ ( k + 1 ) ! ] [ f ( k ) ( b ) + ( 1 ) k f ( k ) ( b + η ( a , b ) ) ] = [ η ( a , b ) ] n 4 ( n ! ) 0 1 [ ( 1 t ) n 1 ( 2 t + n 2 ) + ( t ) n 1 ( 2 t n ) ] f ( n ) ( b + t η ( a , b ) ) d t ,
(10)

where the above summation is zero for n=1.

Proof Since a,bA and A is an invex set with respect to η, for every t[0,1], we have b+tη(a,b)A. When n=1, integrating by parts in the right-hand side of (1) gives

f ( b ) + f ( b + η ( a , b ) ) 2 1 η ( a , b ) b b + η ( a , b ) f(x)dx= η ( a , b ) 2 0 1 (2t1) f ( b + t η ( a , b ) ) dt.

Hence, the identity (1) holds for n=1.

When n=m1 and m2, suppose that the identity (1) is valid.

When n=m, by the hypothesis, we have

[ η ( a , b ) ] m 4 ( m ! ) 0 1 [ ( 1 t ) m 1 ( 2 t + m 2 ) + ( t ) m 1 ( 2 t m ) ] f ( m ) ( b + t η ( a , b ) ) d t = [ η ( a , b ) ] m 1 4 ( m ! ) { ( 1 ) m 1 ( 2 m ) f ( m 1 ) ( b + η ( a , b ) ) ( m 2 ) f ( m 1 ) ( b ) m 0 1 [ ( 1 t ) m 2 ( 3 2 t m ) + ( t ) m 2 ( m 1 2 t ) ] f ( m 1 ) ( b + t η ( a , b ) ) d t } = [ η ( a , b ) ] m 1 ( 2 m ) 4 ( m ! ) [ f ( m 1 ) ( b ) + ( 1 ) m 1 f ( m 1 ) ( b + η ( a , b ) ) ] + [ η ( a , b ) ] m 1 4 [ ( m 1 ) ! ] 0 1 [ ( 1 t ) m 2 ( 2 t + m 3 ) + ( t ) m 2 ( 2 t m + 1 ) ] f ( m 1 ) ( b + t η ( a , b ) ) d t = f ( b ) + f ( b + η ( a , b ) ) 2 1 η ( a , b ) b b + η ( a , b ) f ( x ) d x + k = 1 m 1 [ η ( a , b ) ] k ( 1 k ) 4 [ ( k + 1 ) ] ! [ f ( k ) ( b ) + ( 1 ) k f ( k ) ( b + η ( a , b ) ) ] .

Therefore, when n=m, the identity (1) holds. By induction, the proof of Lemma 1 is complete. □

Remark 1 When n=1 and n=2 in (1), respectively, we obtain the identities

f ( b ) + f ( b + η ( a , b ) ) 2 1 η ( a , b ) b b + η ( a , b ) f ( x ) d x = η ( a , b ) 2 0 1 ( 2 t 1 ) f ( b + t η ( a , b ) ) d t

and

f ( b ) + f ( b + η ( a , b ) ) 2 1 η ( a , b ) b b + η ( a , b ) f ( x ) d x = [ η ( a , b ) ] 2 2 0 1 t ( 1 t ) f ( b + t η ( a , b ) ) d t ,

which may be found in [2].

3 Hermite-Hadamard type inequalities for preinvex functions

Now we start out to establish some new Hermite-Hadamard type inequalities for n-times differentiable and preinvex functions.

Theorem 7 For nN and n2, let AR be an open invex set with respect to η:A×AR and a,bA with η(a,b)0 for all ab. Suppose that f:AR is an n-times differentiable function on A and f ( n ) is integrable on the η-path P b c for c=b+η(a,b). If | f ( n ) | q is preinvex on A for q1, then

| f ( b ) + f ( b + η ( a , b ) ) 2 1 η ( a , b ) b b + η ( a , b ) f ( x ) d x + k = 1 n 1 [ η ( a , b ) ] k ( 1 k ) 4 [ ( k + 1 ) ! ] [ f ( k ) ( b ) + ( 1 ) k f ( k ) ( b + η ( a , b ) ) ] | | η ( a , b ) | n ( n 1 ) 1 1 / q 4 [ ( n + 1 ) ! ] ( n + 2 ) 1 / q { [ n | f ( n ) ( a ) | q + ( n 2 2 ) | f ( n ) ( b ) | q ] 1 / q + [ ( n 2 2 ) | f ( n ) ( a ) | q + n | f ( n ) ( b ) | q ] 1 / q } .
(11)

Proof Since a,bA and A is an invex set with respect to η, for every t[0,1], we have b+tη(a,b)A. Using Lemma 1 and Hölder’s inequality yields

| f ( b ) + f ( b + η ( a , b ) ) 2 1 η ( a , b ) b b + η ( a , b ) f ( x ) d x + k = 1 n 1 [ η ( a , b ) ] k ( 1 k ) 4 [ ( k + 1 ) ! ] [ f ( k ) ( b ) + ( 1 ) k f ( k ) ( b + η ( a , b ) ) ] | | η ( a , b ) | n 4 ( n ! ) [ 0 1 ( 1 t ) n 1 ( 2 t + n 2 ) | f ( n ) ( b + t η ( a , b ) ) | d t + 0 1 t n 1 ( n 2 t ) | f ( n ) ( b + t η ( a , b ) ) | d t ] | η ( a , b ) | n 4 ( n ! ) { [ 0 1 ( 1 t ) n 1 ( 2 t + n 2 ) d t ] 1 1 / q × [ 0 1 ( 1 t ) n 1 ( 2 t + n 2 ) ( t | f ( n ) ( a ) | q + ( 1 t ) | f ( n ) ( b ) | q ) d t ] 1 / q + [ 0 1 t n 1 ( n 2 t ) d t ] 1 1 / q [ 0 1 t n 1 ( n 2 t ) ( t | f ( n ) ( a ) | q + ( 1 t ) | f ( n ) ( b ) | q ) d t ] 1 / q } = | η ( a , b ) | n ( n 1 ) 1 1 / q 4 [ ( n + 1 ) ! ] ( n + 2 ) 1 / q { [ n | f ( n ) ( a ) | q + ( n 2 2 ) | f ( n ) ( b ) | q ] 1 / q + [ ( n 2 2 ) | f ( n ) ( a ) | q + n | f ( n ) ( b ) | q ] 1 / q } .

Theorem 7 is thus proved. □

Corollary 1 Under the assumptions of Theorem  7,

  1. 1.

    if q=1, then

    | f ( b ) + f ( b + η ( a , b ) ) 2 1 η ( a , b ) b b + η ( a , b ) f ( x ) d x + k = 1 n 1 [ η ( a , b ) ] k ( 1 k ) 4 [ ( k + 1 ) ! ] [ f ( k ) ( b ) + ( 1 ) k f ( k ) ( b + η ( a , b ) ) ] | ( n 1 ) | η ( a , b ) | n 4 [ ( n + 1 ) ! ] [ | f ( n ) ( a ) | + | f ( n ) ( b ) | ] ;
  2. 2.

    if q=1 and n=2, then the inequality (8) is valid.

Theorem 8 For nN and n2, let AR be an open invex set with respect to η:A×AR and a,bA with η(a,b)0 for all ab. Suppose that f:AR is an n-times differentiable function on A and f ( n ) is integrable on the η-path P b c for c=b+η(a,b). If | f ( n ) | q is preinvex on A for q>1, then

| f ( b ) + f ( b + η ( a , b ) ) 2 1 η ( a , b ) b b + η ( a , b ) f ( x ) d x + 1 4 k = 1 n 1 [ η ( a , b ) ] k ( 1 k ) ( k + 1 ) ! [ f ( k ) ( b ) + ( 1 ) k f ( k ) ( b + η ( a , b ) ) ] | | η ( a , b ) | n 16 ( n ! ) [ ( q + 1 ) ( q + 2 ) ] 1 / q [ 4 ( q 1 ) n q 1 ] 1 1 / q × { [ ( ( n 2 ) q + 2 ( n 2 q 4 ) n q + 1 ) | f ( n ) ( a ) | q + ( n q + 2 ( n + 2 q + 2 ) ( n 2 ) q + 1 ) | f ( n ) ( b ) | q ] 1 / q + [ ( n q + 2 ( n + 2 q + 2 ) ( n 2 ) q + 1 ) | f ( n ) ( a ) | q + ( ( n 2 ) q + 2 ( n 2 q 4 ) n q + 1 ) | f ( n ) ( b ) | q ] 1 / q } .
(12)

Proof For every t[0,1], we have b+tη(a,b)A. By Lemma 1 and Hölder’s inequality, it follows that

| f ( b ) + f ( b + η ( a , b ) ) 2 1 η ( a , b ) b b + η ( a , b ) f ( x ) d x + k = 1 n 1 [ η ( a , b ) ] k ( 1 k ) 4 [ ( k + 1 ) ! ] [ f ( k ) ( b ) + ( 1 ) k f ( k ) ( b + η ( a , b ) ) ] | | η ( a , b ) | n 4 ( n ! ) [ 0 1 ( 1 t ) n 1 ( 2 t + n 2 ) | f ( n ) ( b + t η ( a , b ) ) | d t + 0 1 t n 1 ( n 2 t ) | f ( n ) ( b + t η ( a , b ) ) | d t ] | η ( a , b ) | n 4 ( n ! ) { [ 0 1 ( 1 t ) q ( n 1 ) / ( q 1 ) d t ] 1 1 / q × [ 0 1 ( 2 t + n 2 ) q ( t | f ( n ) ( a ) | q + ( 1 t ) | f ( n ) ( b ) | q ) d t ] 1 / q + [ 0 1 t q ( n 1 ) / ( q 1 ) d t ] 1 1 / q [ 0 1 ( n 2 t ) q ( t | f ( n ) ( a ) | q + ( 1 t ) | f ( n ) ( b ) | q ) d t ] 1 / q } = | η ( a , b ) | n 16 ( n ! ) [ ( q + 1 ) ( q + 2 ) ] 1 / q [ 4 ( q 1 ) n q 1 ] 1 1 / q × { [ ( ( n 2 ) q + 2 ( n 2 q 4 ) n q + 1 ) | f ( n ) ( a ) | q + ( n q + 2 ( n + 2 q + 2 ) ( n 2 ) q + 1 ) | f ( n ) ( b ) | q ] 1 / q + [ ( n q + 2 ( n + 2 q + 2 ) ( n 2 ) q + 1 ) | f ( n ) ( a ) | q + ( ( n 2 ) q + 2 ( n 2 q 4 ) n q + 1 ) | f ( n ) ( b ) | q ] 1 / q } .

Theorem 8 is thus proved. □

Theorem 9 For nN and n2, let AR be an open invex set with respect to η:A×AR and a,bA with η(a,b)0 for all ab. Suppose that f:AR is an n-times differentiable function on A and f ( n ) is integrable on the η-path P b c for c=b+η(a,b). If | f ( n ) | q is preinvex on A for q>1, then

| f ( b ) + f ( b + η ( a , b ) ) 2 1 η ( a , b ) b b + η ( a , b ) f ( x ) d x + k = 1 n 1 [ η ( a , b ) ] k ( 1 k ) 4 [ ( k + 1 ) ! ] [ f ( k ) ( b ) + ( 1 ) k f ( k ) ( b + η ( a , b ) ) ] | | η ( a , b ) | n 4 ( n ! ) [ ( n q q + 1 ) ( n q q + 2 ) ] 1 / q × { ( q 1 ) [ n ( 2 q 1 ) / ( q 1 ) ( n 2 ) ( 2 q 1 ) / ( q 1 ) ] 2 ( 2 q 1 ) } 1 1 / q × { [ | f ( n ) ( a ) | q + ( n q q + 1 ) | f ( n ) ( b ) | q ] 1 / q + [ ( n q q + 1 ) | f ( n ) ( a ) | q + | f ( n ) ( b ) | q ] 1 / q } .
(13)

Proof Since a,bA and A is an invex set with respect to η, for every t[0,1], we have b+tη(a,b)A. Utilizing Lemma 1 and Hölder’s inequality results in

| f ( b ) + f ( b + η ( a , b ) ) 2 1 η ( a , b ) b b + η ( a , b ) f ( x ) d x + k = 1 n 1 [ η ( a , b ) ] k ( 1 k ) 4 [ ( k + 1 ) ! ] [ f ( k ) ( b ) + ( 1 ) k f ( k ) ( b + η ( a , b ) ) ] | | η ( a , b ) | n 4 ( n ! ) [ 0 1 ( 1 t ) n 1 ( 2 t + n 2 ) | f ( n ) ( b + t η ( a , b ) ) | d t + 0 1 t n 1 ( n 2 t ) | f ( n ) ( b + t η ( a , b ) ) | d t ] | η ( a , b ) | n 4 ( n ! ) { [ 0 1 ( 2 t + n 2 ) q / ( q 1 ) d t ] 1 1 / q × [ 0 1 ( 1 t ) q ( n 1 ) ( t | f ( n ) ( a ) | q + ( 1 t ) | f ( n ) ( b ) | q ) d t ] 1 / q + [ 0 1 ( n 2 t ) q / ( q 1 ) d t ] 1 1 / q [ 0 1 t q ( n 1 ) ( t | f ( n ) ( a ) | q + ( 1 t ) | f ( n ) ( b ) | q ) d t ] 1 / q } = | η ( a , b ) | n 4 ( n ! ) [ ( n q q + 1 ) ( n q q + 2 ) ] 1 / q × { ( q 1 ) [ n ( 2 q 1 ) / ( q 1 ) ( n 2 ) ( 2 q 1 ) / ( q 1 ) ] 2 ( 2 q 1 ) } 1 1 / q × { [ | f ( n ) ( a ) | q + ( n q q + 1 ) | f ( n ) ( b ) | q ] 1 / q + [ ( n q q + 1 ) | f ( n ) ( a ) | q + | f ( n ) ( b ) | q ] 1 / q } .

The proof of Theorem 9 is complete. □

Theorem 10 For nN and n2, let AR be an open invex set with respect to η:A×AR and a,bA with η(a,b)0 for all ab. Suppose that f:AR is an n-times differentiable function on A and f ( n ) is integrable on the η-path P b c for c=b+η(a,b). If | f ( n ) | q is preinvex on A for q>1, then

| f ( b ) + f ( b + η ( a , b ) ) 2 1 η ( a , b ) b b + η ( a , b ) f ( x ) d x + 1 4 k = 1 n 1 [ η ( a , b ) ] k ( 1 k ) ( k + 1 ) ! [ f ( k ) ( b ) + ( 1 ) k f ( k ) ( b + η ( a , b ) ) ] | | η ( a , b ) | n 24 ( n ! ) [ 6 ( q 1 ) ( n q 2 ) ( n 1 ) ( n q 1 ) ( n q + q 2 ) ] 1 1 / q × { [ ( 3 n 2 ) | f ( n ) ( a ) | q + ( 3 n 4 ) | f ( n ) ( b ) | q ] 1 / q + [ ( 3 n 4 ) | f ( n ) ( a ) | q + ( 3 n 2 ) | f ( n ) ( b ) | q ] 1 / q } .
(14)

Proof Since a,bA and A is an invex set with respect to η, for every t[0,1], we have b+tη(a,b)A. Employing Lemma 1 and Hölder’s inequality leads to

| f ( b ) + f ( b + η ( a , b ) ) 2 1 η ( a , b ) b b + η ( a , b ) f ( x ) d x + k = 1 n 1 [ η ( a , b ) ] k ( 1 k ) 4 [ ( k + 1 ) ! ] [ f ( k ) ( b ) + ( 1 ) k f ( k ) ( b + η ( a , b ) ) ] | | η ( a , b ) | n 4 ( n ! ) [ 0 1 ( 1 t ) n 1 ( 2 t + n 2 ) | f ( n ) ( b + t η ( a , b ) ) | d t + 0 1 t n 1 ( n 2 t ) | f ( n ) ( b + t η ( a , b ) ) | d t ] | η ( a , b ) | n 4 ( n ! ) { [ 0 1 ( 1 t ) q ( n 1 ) / ( q 1 ) ( 2 t + n 2 ) d t ] 1 1 / q × [ 0 1 ( 2 t + n 2 ) ( t | f ( n ) ( a ) | q + ( 1 t ) | f ( n ) ( b ) | q ) d t ] 1 / q + [ 0 1 t q ( n 1 ) / ( q 1 ) ( n 2 t ) d t ] 1 1 / q [ 0 1 ( n 2 t ) ( t | f ( n ) ( a ) | q + ( 1 t ) | f ( n ) ( b ) | q ) d t ] 1 / q } = | η ( a , b ) | n 24 ( n ! ) [ 6 ( q 1 ) ( n q 2 ) ( n 1 ) ( n q 1 ) ( n q + q 2 ) ] 1 1 / q { [ ( 3 n 2 ) | f ( n ) ( a ) | q + ( 3 n 4 ) | f ( n ) ( b ) | q ] 1 / q + [ ( 3 n 4 ) | f ( n ) ( a ) | q + ( 3 n 2 ) | f ( n ) ( b ) | q ] 1 / q } .

The proof of Theorem 10 is complete. □

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Acknowledgements

The authors appreciate anonymous referees for their valuable comments on and careful corrections to the original version of this paper. This work was partially supported by the NNSF under Grant No. 11361038 of China and by the Foundation of the Research Program of Science and Technology at Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region under Grant No. NJZY13159, China.

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Wang, SH., Qi, F. Hermite-Hadamard type inequalities for n-times differentiable and preinvex functions. J Inequal Appl 2014, 49 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1186/1029-242X-2014-49

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