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On differential subordinations in the complex plane
Journal of Inequalities and Applications volume 2015, Article number: 7 (2015)
Abstract
The purpose of this work is to present a new approach to solve some problems in differential subordination theory. We also discuss the new results closely related to the generalized Briot-Bouquet differential subordination.
1 Introduction
Let ℋ denote the class of all analytic functions in the unit disc \({{\mathbb{D}}}=\{z: |z|<1\}\) in the complex plane ℂ. Recall that a set \(E\subset{\mathbb{C}}\) is said to be starlike with respect to a point \(w_{0}\in E\) if and only if the linear segment joining \(w_{0}\) to every other point \(w\in E\) lies entirely in E, while a set E is said to be convex if and only if it is starlike with respect to each of its points, that is, if and only if the linear segment joining any two points of E lies entirely in E. A univalent function f maps \({\mathbb{D}}\) onto a convex domain E if and only if [1]
and then f is said to be convex in \({\mathbb{D}}\) (or briefly convex). Let \({\mathcal{A}}\) denote the subclass of ℋ consisting of functions normalized by \(f(0)=0\), \(f'(0)=1\). We denote by \({\mathcal{K}}\) the set of all functions \(f\in{\mathcal{A}}\) that are convex univalent in \({\mathbb{D}}\). We say that \(f\in{\mathcal{A}}\) is convex of order α, \(0\leq\alpha<1\), when
Functions that are convex of order α were introduced by Robertson in [2]. For two analytic functions f, g, we say that f is subordinate to g, written as \(f\prec g\), if and only if there exists an analytic function ω with property \(|\omega(z)|\leq|z|\) in \({\mathbb{D}}\) such that \(f(z)=g(\omega(z))\). In particular, if g is univalent in \(\mathbb{D}\), then we have the following equivalence:
The idea of subordination was used for defining many of classes of functions studied in geometric function theory. For obtaining the main result, we shall use the methods of differential subordinations. The main results in the theory of differential subordinations were introduced by Miller and Mocanu in [3] and [4]. A function p, analytic in \(\mathbb{D}\), is said to satisfy a first-order differential subordination if
where \((p(z),zp'(z) )\in D\subset\mathbb{C}^{2}\) for \(z\in {\mathbb{D}}\), \(\phi:\mathbb{C}^{2}\rightarrow\mathbb{C}\) and \(\phi (p(z),zp'(z) )\) is analytic in \(\mathbb{D}\), and h is analytic and univalent in \(\mathbb{D}\). The function q is said to be a dominant of the differential subordination (1.4) if \(p\prec q\) for all p satisfying (1.4). If \(\tilde{q}\) is a dominant of (1.4) and \(\tilde{q}\prec q\) for all dominants q of (1.4), then we say that \(\tilde{q}\) is the best dominant of the differential subordination (1.4).
The purpose of the present paper is to investigate interesting new results in connection with differential subordination and to improve some results obtained by Miller and Mocanu [5]. Also we remark that the reader may refer to the recent results obtained by Sokół and Nunokawa [6] as applications of differential subordination.
The following lemma will be required in our present investigation.
Lemma 1.1
Assume that \(\mathcal{Q}\) is the set of functions \(f\in\mathcal{H}\) that are injective on \(\overline{{\mathbb{D}} }\setminus E(f)\), where
and are such that
Let \(\psi\in\mathcal{Q}\) with \(\psi(0) = a\), and let
be analytic in \(\mathbb{D}\) with
If \(\varphi\nprec\psi\) in \(\mathbb{D}\), then there exist points
for which
and
for some \(s \geq m\). Moreover,
To prove the main results, we also need the following lemma, which is a generalization of a result due to Nunokawa [7, 8].
Lemma 1.2
Let \(p(z)\) be a function analytic in \(z\in\mathbb{D}\) of the form
with \(p(z)\neq0\) in \(|z|<1\). If there exists a point \(z_{0}\in\mathbb{D}\) such that
and
for some \(\varphi>0\), then we have
where
and
where
2 Main results
Theorem 2.1
Let \(B(z)\) and \(C(z)\) be analytic in \(\mathbb{D}\) with
If \(p(z)\) is analytic in \(\mathbb{D}\) with \(p(0)=1\), and if
where
then we have
Proof
By Lemma 1.2, if \(\mathfrak{Re} \{p(z) \}>0\) does not hold for all \(z\in\mathbb{D}\), then there exists a point \(z_{0}\), \(|z_{0}|<1\), such that
and
and
where
and
where
For the case \(p(z_{0})=ia\), \(a>0\), we are going to show that
We have
By (2.1), we have \(\mathfrak{Im} \{B(z_{0})i\ell+C(z_{0}) \}>0\). Therefore, from (2.7) we obtain
This contradicts (2.2). For the case \(p(z_{0})=-ia\), \(a>0\), the proof runs as in the first case. □
Remark 2.1
Theorem 2.1 improves a result obtained by Miller and Mocanu [5, p.208].
Corollary 2.2
Let \(g(z)\) be analytic in \(\mathbb{D}\) with \(g(0)=1\) and \(|{\mathfrak{Im}} \{zg'(z)/g(z) \}|< 1\). If \(f(z)=z+\cdots\) is analytic in \(\mathbb{D}\) and
where
then we have
Proof
We put \(B(z)=1\), \(C(z)=1-zg'(z)/g(z)\), \(p(z)=g(z)f(z)/z\). Then \(p(z)\) is analytic in \(\mathbb{D}\), \(p(0)=1\) and
Moreover, (2.2) becomes
Hence, applying Theorem 2.1, we obtain (2.9) immediately. □
Theorem 2.3
Let \(B(z)\) and \(C(z)\) be analytic in \(\mathbb{D}\) with
If \(p(z)\) is analytic in \(\mathbb{D}\) with \(p(0)=0\), and if
then we have
Proof
By Lemma 1.1, if \(p(z)\nprec z\) in \(\mathbb{D}\), then there exist points
for which
and
for some \(s \geq1\). Then, by (2.10), we have
which contradicts (2.11). Therefore, \(\vert p(z)\vert <1\) in \(\mathbb{D}\). □
Theorem 2.4
Let \(B(z)\) and \(C(z)\) be analytic in \(\mathbb{D}\) with
If \(p(z)\) is analytic in \(\mathbb{D}\) with \(p(0)=0\), and if
then we have
Proof
Applying the same method as in the proof of Theorem 2.3, we have
By (2.14), we have
which contradicts (2.15). Therefore, \(\vert p(z)\vert <1\) in \(\mathbb{D}\). □
Remark 2.2
Theorem 2.3 and Theorem 2.4 improve a result obtained by Miller and Mocanu [5, p.206].
Theorem 2.5
Let \(p(z)\) be analytic in \(\mathbb{D}\) with \(p(0)=1\) and
Then we have
where \(\alpha<1\).
Proof
Putting \(q(z) = (p(z)-\alpha)/(1-\alpha)\), \(q(0) = 1\), we have to prove that \(\mathfrak{Re}\{q(z)\}>0\) for \(z\in\mathbb{D}\). If (2.18) does not hold, then
Hence by Lemma 1.1 there exist points
for which
and
for some \(s \geq1\). Then, by (1.6), we have
Therefore, we have
which contradicts (2.18). This completes the proof. □
Remark 2.3
Theorem 2.5 improves a result obtained by Miller and Mocanu [5, p.207].
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Acknowledgements
The authors would like to express their thanks to the referees for their valuable advice regarding a previous version of this paper. This research was supported by the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (No. 2011-0007037).
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Nunokawa, M., Cho, N.E., Kwon, O.S. et al. On differential subordinations in the complex plane. J Inequal Appl 2015, 7 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13660-014-0536-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13660-014-0536-9